Tetraphenyl phosphonium-modified layered silicate (LS) and low-melting phenylsiloxane glass (G) are combined for more efficient halogen-free flame retardancy in epoxy resin (EP_LSG). Particularly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) is decreased (by up to 60%), but levels off at additive concentrations ≥10 wt%. The performance of EP_LSG is compared to EP_LS and EP_G assuming an absolute and a relative flame retardancy effect, respectively, and based on the same amount of each filler and, alternatively, with EP_G containing the same overall amount of filler. EP_LSG behaves close to superposition but shows a strong tendency toward synergism due to a superior structural integrity of the fire residues. Apart from LS, adding G in particular is a promising approach when its content is ≤5 wt%, as is LSG for ≥10 wt%.
HornWE. Inorganic hydroxides and hydroxycarbonates: their function and use as flame-retardant additives. In: GrandAFWilkieCA (eds) Fire retardancy of polymeric materials. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, 285–352.
2.
LevchikSV. Introduction to flame retardancy and polymer flammability. In: MorganABWilkieCA. (eds) Flame retardant polymer nanocomposite. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2007, 1–29.
3.
LewinMWeilE. Mechanisms and modes of action in flame retardancy of polymers. In: HorrocksARPriceD. (eds) Fire retardant materials. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2001, 31–57.
4.
WeilEDLevchikSV. Flame retardants for plastics and textiles. Munich: Hanser, 2009.
5.
HornsbyP. Fire-retardant fillers. In: WilkieCAMorganAB (eds) Fire retardancy of polymeric materials, (eds) 2nd ed.Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010, 163–185.
6.
LewinM. Synergism and catalysis in flame retardancy of polymers. Polymers for Advanced Technologies2001; 12: 215–222.
7.
WeilED. Synergists, adjuvants and antagonists in flame retardant systems. In: GrandAFWilkieCA. (eds) Fire retardancy of polymeric materials. 4, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000, 115–145.
8.
LewinM. Synergistic and catalytic effects in flame retardancy of polymeric materials – an overview. Journal of Fire Sciences1999; 17: 3–19.
9.
GilmanJW. Flame retardant mechanism of polymer-clay nanocomposites. In: MorganABWilkieCA. (eds) Flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2007, 67–87.
10.
KroenkeWJ. Low-melting sulfate glasses and glass-ceramics, and their utility as fire and smoke retarder additives for poly(vinyl-chloride). Journal Material Science1986; 21: 1123–1133.
Schartel B, Weiß A, Sturm H, Kleemeier M, Hartwig A, Vogt C, et al. Layered silicate epoxy nanocomposites: formation of the inorganic-carbonaceous fire protection layer. Polymer for Advanced Technologies DOI: 10.1002/pat.1644. Forthcoming.
13.
MyersRELicursiE. Inorganic glass forming systems as intumescent flame retardants for organic polymers. Journal of Fire Sciences1985; 3: 415–431.
14.
SchartelBWeißA. Temperature inside burning polymer specimens: pyrolysis zone and shielding. Fire and Materials2010; 34: 217–235.
15.
SchartelBBartholmaiMKnollU. Some comments on the main fire retardancy mechanisms in polymer nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies2006; 17: 772–777.
16.
WuGMSchartelBBahrHKleemeierMYuDHartwigA. Experimental and quantitative assessment of flame retardancy by the shielding effect in layered silicate epoxy nanocomposites. Combustion and Flame, Submitted.
17.
Wu GM, Schartel B, Kleemeier M and Hartwig A. Fire behavior of layered silicate epoxy nanocomposites combined with low-melting inorganic ceepree glass. Polymer Engineering and Science DOI: 10.1002/pen.22111. Forthcoming.
18.
Schartel B, Schmaucks G and Roszinski J. PCT Intl. Appl. WO/2010/044671.
19.
YuDKleemeierMWuGMSchartelBLiuWQHartwigA. A low melting organic-inorganic glass and its effect on flame retardancy of clay/epoxy composites. Polymer2011; 52: 2120–2131.
20.
YuDKleemeierMWuGMSchartelBLiuWQHartwigA. The absence of size-dependency in flame retarded composites containing low-melting organic-inorganic glass and clay: comparison between micro- and nanocomposites. Polymer Degradation and Stability2011; 96: 1616–1624.
21.
SchartelBBartholmaiMKnollU. Some comments on the use of cone calorimeter data. Polymer Degradation and Stability2005; 88: 540–547.
22.
PaulKT. Cone calorimeter: initial experiences of calibration and use. Fire Safety Journal1994; 22: 67–87.
23.
SchartelBHullTR. Development of fire-retarded materials – interpretation of cone calorimeter data. Fire and Materials2007; 31: 327–354.
24.
LevchikSVWeilED. Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame-retardancy of epoxy resins - a review of the recent literature. Polymer International2004; 53: 1901–1929.
25.
BishopDPSmithDA. Combined pyrolysis and radiochemical gas chromatography for studying thermal degradation of epoxy resins and polyimides. 1. Degradation of epoxy resins in nitrogen between 400 degrees c and 700 degrees C. Journal of Applied Polymer Science1970; 14: 205–223.
26.
ChenCSBulkinBJPearceEM. New epoxy-resins. 3. Application of Fourier-transform IR to degradation and interaction studies of epoxy-resins and their co-polymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science1983; 28: 1077–1091.
27.
SchartelBKnollUHartwigAPützD. Phosphonium-modified layered silicate epoxy resins nanocomposites and their combinations with ATH and organo-phosphorus fire retardants. Polymers for Advanced Technologies2006; 17: 281–293.
28.
HartwigAPützDSchartelBBartholmaiMWendschuh-JostiesM. Combustion behaviour of epoxide based nanocomposites with ammonium and phosphonium bentonites. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics2003; 204: 2247–2257.
29.
SchartelBWeißAMohrFKleemeierMHartwigABraunU. Flame retarded epoxy resins by adding layered silicate in combination with the conventional protection-layer-building flame retardants melamine borate and ammonium polyphosphate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science2010; 118: 1134–1143.
30.
WeilED. Additivity, synergism and antagonism in flame retardancy. In: KurylaWCPapaAJ. (eds) Fire Retardancy Of Polymeric Materials. Vol 3, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1975, 185–243.
31.
LewinMZhangJPearceEZammaranoM. Polyamide 6 treated with pentabromobenzyl acrylate and layered silicates. Polymers for Advanced Technologies2010; 21: 825–834.
