One of the most controversial areas of personnel management m the latter part of the 20th century has been affirmative action. In particular, the legal status of affirmative action is currently under intense attack. This article examines the legal status of affirmative action, mainly from the perspective of the rulings of the U S Supreme Court Through an examination of past and recent legal developments, the article offers assessments of what the future is likely to hold for affirmative action
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adarand Constructors v. Peña, U. S. Secretary of Transportation, 115 S. Ct. 2097 (1995).
2.
Cayer, N.J. (1996). Public personnel administration in the United States. New York: St. Martins Press, 3d edition.
3.
Chambers, T. & Riccucci, N.M. (1997). Models of excellence in workplace diversity. In C. Ban & N. M. Riccucci (Eds.), Public personnel management. Current concerns— Future challenges (pp. 73-90). White Plains, NY: Longman Press, 2d edition.
4.
Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U. S. 837, 842 (1984).
5.
Civil Rights Act of 1991: Text and Analysis (1911, November 11) Employment guide. (Special Supplement, Vol. 6, No. 23).
6.
Washington, D. C.: Bureau of National Affairs.
7.
Claus v. Duquesne Light Company, 58 FEP 951 (1992), aff'd, 46 F. 3d 1115 (3d Cir. 1994, unpublished opinion), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 1700 (1995).
8.
Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 1996 WL 691962 (November 27, 1996).
9.
Coalition for Economic Equity v. Wilson, 946 F. Supp. 1480 (December 23, 1996).
10.
DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U. S. 312 (1974).
11.
Dobrzynski, J.H. (1995, April 20). Corporations silently support affirmative action amid a backlash. Albany Times Union, p. C15.
12.
EEOC v. Arabian American Oil Co. & Aramco, 499 U. S. 244 (1991).
13.
Firefighters Local Union and Memphis Fire Department v. Stotts, 467 U. S. 561 (1984).
14.
Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U. S. 448 (1980).
15.
Graham, C.B., Jr. (1995). Equal employment opportunity and affirmative action: Policies, techniques, and controversies. In S. W Hays & R. C. Kearney (Eds.), Public personnel administration Problems and prospects (pp. 202-216). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall
16.
Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U. S. 424 (1971).
17.
Hopwood v. State of Texas, 861 F. Supp. 551 (W. D. Tex. 1994), rev'd and remanded in part, diss'd in part, 78 F. 3d. 932 (5th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 1996 WL 227009.
18.
In re Birmingham Reverse Discrimination Employment Litigation (BRDEL), 833 E 2d. 1492 (11 th Cir. 1987, aff'd sub nom. Martin v. Wilks, 490 U. S 755 (1989).
19.
In re Birmingham Reverse Discrimination Employment Litigation (BRDEL, also Bennett v. Arrington), 806 F. Supp. 926 (N. D. Ala. 1992), aff'd in part, rev'd in part and remanded, 20 F. 3d. 1525 (11th Cir. 1994), cert. denied sub nom. Martin v. Wilks, 115 S. Ct. 1695 (1995).
20.
International Association of Firefighters v. City of Cleveland, 478 U. S. 501 (1986).
21.
Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U. S. 616 (1987).
22.
Kellough, J.E. (1991). The Supreme Court, affirmative action, and public management: Where do we stand today?American Review of Public Administration, 21, (3), 255-269.
23.
Klingner, D.E. (1997). Work force diversity. In J. M. Shafritz (Ed.), International encylopedia for public policy and administration . New York: Henry Holt and Co., Inc.
24.
Klingner, D.E. & Nalbandian, J. (1993). Public personnel management Contexts and strategies. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 3dedition.
25.
Lorance v. AT&T, 490 U. S. 900 (1989).
26.
Martin v. Wilks, 490 U. S. 755 (1989).
27.
Metro Broadcasting v. Federal Communications Commission, 497 U. S. 547 (1990).
28.
Morton v. Mancari, 417 U. S. 535 (1974).
29.
Nalbandian, J. (1989). The U. S. Supreme Court's 'Consensus' on Affirmative Action."Public Administration Review, 49(1), 38-45.
30.
Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U. S. 164 (1989).
31.
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U. S. 228 (1989).
32.
Regents v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265 (1978).
33.
Riccucci, N.M. (1997). Will affirmative action survive into the 21st century? In C. Ban & N. M. Riccucci (Eds.), Public personnel management: Current concerns—Future challenges (pp. 57-72). White Plains, NY: Longman Press, 2dedition.
34.
Richmond v. Croson, 488 U. S. 469 (1989).
35.
Rosenbloom, D.H. (1983). Public administration and law. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
36.
Rosenbloom, D.H. (1979, November/ December). Kaiser v. Weber: Perspective from the public sector. Public Personnel Management , 8, 1-10.
37.
Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U. S. 160 (1976).
38.
Sheet Metal Workers' International Association v. EEOC, 478 U. S. 421 (1986).
39.
U. S. v. Paradise, 480 U. S. 149 (1987).
40.
United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, 443 U. S. 193 (1979).
41.
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U. S. 642 ( 1989).
42.
Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U. S. 267 ( 1986).