For public organizations, municipalities in particular, the issue of personnel costs has taken on more significance as administrators are faced with diminishing sources of revenue and an overall loss in purchasing power. Public managers must therefore face the challenge of this new era of government and develop appropriate strategies for effectively utilizing their human resources. One such set of strategies is the use of formal management tools.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Burkhead, J. and P. Hennigan (1978). "Productivity Analysis: A Search For Definition and Order." Public Administration Review38, 1: 34-40.
2.
Fukuhara, R. (1977). "Productivity Improvement in Cities," pp. 193-200 in The Municipal Yearbook. Washington, D.C.: International City Management Association.
3.
Greiner, J., H. Hatry, M. Koss, A. Millar, and J. Woodward (1981). Productivity and Motivation: A Review of State and Local Government Initiatives (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute).
4.
Grizzle, G. (1982). "Measuring State and Local Government Performance Measurement System." State and Local Government Review14, 3: 132-136.
5.
Horton, R. (1976). "Productivity and Productivity Bargaining in Government: A Critical Analysis." Public Administration Review36, 4: 407-414.
6.
Kramer, F.H. (1981). Dynamics of Public Bureaucracy, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers.
7.
Ivancevich, J. and J. McMahon (1982). "The Effects of Goal Setting, External Feedback, and Self-Generated Feedback on Outcome Variables: A Field Experiment." Academy of Management Journal25, 2: 359-372.
8.
Karnig, A., J. Hall, and L. Weschler (1982). "New Federalism and Retrenchment: Challenges, Options, Actions." National Civic Review71, 10: 493-499.
9.
Lovrich, N., P. Shaffer, R. Hopkins, D. Yale ( 1980). "Do Public Servants Welcome or Fear Merit Evaluation of Their Performance?" Public Administration Review40, 3: 214-222.
10.
Mushkin, S. and F. Sandifer (1979). Personnel Management and Productivity in City Government. (Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books).
11.
Nalbandian, J. (1981). "Performance Appraisal: If Only People Were Not Involved." Public Administration Review41, 3: 393-396.
12.
Nigro, L. (1981). "Attitudes of Federal Employees Toward Performance Appraisal and Merit Pay: Implications for CSRA Implementation." Public Administration Review41, 1: 84-86.
13.
, ( 1982). "CSRA Performance Appraisals and Merit Pay: Growing Uncertainty in the Federal Work Force." Public Administration Review42, 4: 371-375.
14.
Perry, J.L. and L.W. Porter (1982). "Factors Affecting the Context for Motivation in Public Organizations." Academy of Management Review7, 1: 89-98.
15.
Rainey, G.W. and L. Wolf (1981). "Flex-Time: Short-Term Benefits; Long Term ...?" Public Administration Review41, 1: 52-63.
16.
Stillman, R.J. (1982). "Local Public Management in Transition: A Report on the Current State of the Profession," pp. 161-173 in The Municipal Yearbook. Washington, D. C.: International City Management Association.
17.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (1981). Productivity Improvement for State and Local Government . Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.
18.
Usilaner, B. (1981). "Can We Expect Productivity Improvement in the Federal Government?" Public Productivity Review5, 3: 237-246.
