The canonical relationship between the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) was studied. Two significant canonical variates accounted for approximately 53% of the overlap in variance between the two measures. The WMS-R was found to offer unique and valuable information beyond the KAIT when assessing individuals classified as learning disabled (LD). Principal components analysis, using the KAIT Composite IQs and the WMS-R Index scores, yielded a two-factor solution. The addition of a specific measure of memory during the psychoeducational evaluation of adolescents and adults classified as LD was supported. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Batchelor, E., Kixmiller, J., & Dean, R. (1990). Neuropsychological aspects of reading and spelling performance in children with learning disabilities. Developmental Neuropsychology, 6(3), 183-192.
2.
Butler, M., Retzlaff, P., & Vanderploeg, R. D. (1991). Neuropsychological test usage. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 510-512.
3.
Cattell, R., & Horn, J. (1978). A check on the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence with description of new subtest designs. Journal of Educational Assessment, 15(3), 139-163.
4.
Chittooran, M., D'Amato, R., Lassiter, K., & Dean, R. (1993). Factor structure of psychoeducational and neuropsychological measures of learning disabled children. Psychology in the Schools, 30(2), 109-118.
5.
Dumont, R., & Hagberg, C. (1994). Test reviews: Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 12, 190-196.
6.
Fuerst, D. R., Fisk, J. L., & Rourke, B. P. (1990). Psychosocial functioning of learning-disabled children: Relations between WISC Verbal IQ-Performance IQ discrepancies and personality subtypes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(5), 657-660.
7.
Harmon, T., Clausen, T., & Scott, R. (1993). Factor analysis of the WAIS-R and verbal memory and visual memory indices of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, for vocational rehabilitation sample. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 907-911.
8.
Harrison, P., Kaufman, A., Hickman, J., & Kaufman, N. (1988). A survey of tests used for adult assessment. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 6, 188-198.
9.
John, K., & Rattan, G. (1991). A comparison of short-term memory tests as predictors of reading achievement for learning disabled and educable mentally retarded students. Journal of School Psychology, 29(4), 309-318.
10.
Kaufman, A., & Kaufman, N. (1993). Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
11.
Kavale, K., Forness, S., & Bender, M. (1987). Handbook of learning disabilities: Vol. I. Dimensions and diagnosis. Boston: Little, Brown.
12.
Kelly, M. D., Arceneaux, J. M., Dean, R. S., & Anderson, J. L. (1994). Neuropsychological significance of IQ summary scores. International Journal of Neuroscience, 75(3-4), 175-179.
13.
Koller, J. R. (1994). Improving transition outcomes for persons with SLD. Journal of Rehabilitation, Summer, 37-42.
14.
Minskoff, E., Hawks, R., Steidle, E., & Hoffman, J. (1989). A homogeneous group of persons with learning disabilities: Adults with severe learning disabilities in vocational rehabilitation. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22(8), 521-528.
15.
McCue, M. (1989). The role of assessment in the vocational rehabilitation of adults with specific learning disabilities. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 33(1), 18-37.
16.
Naglieri, J. A., & Kaufman, A. S. (1983). How many factors underlie the WAIS-R?Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 1, 113-119.
17.
Nick, S. D., Leonberger, T. F., Munz, D. C., & Goldfader, P. R. (1992). Factor analysis of the WMS-R and the WAIS. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 387-393.
18.
Oscar-Berman, M., Clancy, J., & Weber, D. (1993). Discrepancies between IQ and memory scores in alcoholism and aging. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7(3), 281-286.
19.
Pickering, A., Mayes, A., & Fairbairn, A. (1989). Amnesia and memory for modality information. Neuropsychologia, 27(10), 1249-1259.
20.
Rehabilitation Services Administration. (1985). Operational definition of specific learning disabilities for VR purposes. (Program Policy Directive RSA-PPD-85-7). Washington, DC: Author.
21.
Rourke, B. P. (1989). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the model. New York: Guilford Press.
22.
Sandler, A., Hooper, S., & Scarborough, A. (1993). Academic confessions of high school students: An analysis of adolescents' developmental concerns. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 1052-1054.
23.
SAS Institute. (1985). SAS user's guide: Statistics, Version 5 edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
24.
Swanson, H. L. (1988). Memory subtypes in learning disabled readers. Learning Disability Quarterly, 11, 342-357.
25.
Swanson, H. (1993). Individual differences in working memory: A model testing and subgroup analysis of learning disabled and skilled readers. Intelligence, 17(3), 285-332.
26.
Swanson, H. (1994). Short-term memory and working memory: Do both contribute to our understanding of academic achievement in children and adults with learning disabilities?Journal of Learning Disabilities, 27(1), 34-50.
27.
Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (1989). Using multivariate statistics (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
28.
Vogel, S. (1989). Adults with language learning disabilities: Definition, diagnosis, and determination of eligibility for postsecondary and vocational rehabilitation services. Rehabilitation Education, 3, 77-90.
29.
Waldron, K., & Saphire, D. (1992). Perceptual and academic patterns of learning disabled/gifted students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74(2), 599-609.
30.
Wechsler, D. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87-95.
31.
Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). New York: The Psychological Corporation.
32.
Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
33.
Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
