This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) with a sample of 266 adolescent students. The results provided preliminary support for the usefulness of the scale with adolescents for research purposes. Similar to studies with adults, support was provided for the independence of the negative and positive affect dimensions in adolescents. Recommendations for additional validation research with adolescents were made.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Boss, M. V., & Taylor, M. C. (1989). The relationship between locus of control and academic level and sex of secondary students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 14, 315-322.
2.
Campbell, A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3.
Crandall, V. C. (1966). Personality characteristics and social and achievement behaviors associated with children's social desirability response tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 477-486.
4.
Crandall, V. C., Crandall, V. J., & Katkovsky, W. (1965). A children's social desirability questionnaire. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 27-36.
5.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
6.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985). Age and sex effects for emotional intensity. Developmental Psychology, 21, 542-546.
7.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Pavot, W., & Gallagher, D. (1991). Response artifacts in the measurement of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 24, 35-56.
8.
Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 427-434.
9.
Greene, A. L. (1990). Patterns of affectivity in the transition to adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 50, 340-356.
10.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11.
Kercher, K. (1992). Assessing subjective well-being in the old-old: The PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging, 14, 131-168.
12.
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion (pp. 25-59). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
13.
Larson R., Csikszentmihaly, M., & Graef, R. (1980). Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, 469-490.
14.
Larson, R., & Lampman-Petraitis, C. (1989). Daily emotional states as reported by children and adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1250-1260.
15.
Laurent, J., Potter, K., & Catanzaro, S. J. (1994, March). Assessing positive and negative affect in children: The development of the PANAS-C. Paper presented at the annual convention of the National Association of School Psychologists, Seattle.
16.
McCarthy, J. D., & Hoge, D. R. (1982). Analysis of age effects in longitudinal studies of adolescent self-esteem. Developmental Psychology, 18, 372-379.
17.
McRae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1983). Social desirability scales: More substance than style. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 882-888.
18.
Miller, D. C. (1991). Handbook of research design and social measurement (5th ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
19.
Nowicki, S., & Strickland, B. (1973). A Locus of Control Scale for Children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 148-154.
20.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
21.
Russell, J. A., & Ridgeway, D. (1983). Dimensions underlying children's emotion concepts. Developmental Psychology, 19, 795-804.
22.
Shaver, P. R., Wu, S., & Schwartz, J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Emotion (pp. 175-212). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
23.
Warner, W. L., Meeker, M., & Eels, K. (1949). Social class in America. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
24.
Warr, P., Barter, J., & Brownbridge, G. (1983). On the independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 128-141.
25.
Watson, D. (1988). The vicissitudes of mood measurement: Effects of varying descriptors, time frames, and response formats on measures of positive and negative affects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 128-141.
26.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991). Self-versus peer ratings of specific emotional traits: Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 927-940.
27.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992). Affects separable and inseparable: On the hierarchical arrangement of the negative affects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 489-505.
28.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
29.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
30.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254.
31.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235.
32.
Witt, J. C., Cavell, T. A., Heffer, R., Carey, M., & Martens, B. (1988). Child self-report: Interviewing techniques and rating scales. In E. Shapiro & T. R. Kratochwill (Eds.), Behavioral assessment in schools (pp. 384-454). New York: Guilford Press.
33.
Wylie, R. (1989). Measures of self-concept. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
