In assessing cognitive processes, one can distinguish between coding and planning functions. Two studies on planful behavior are reported with a view to delineate the nature of planning as a factor within the neuropsychological model of Luria. In the first study, planning emerged as a factor which was orthogonal to two other coding factors consistent with previous research. In the second study, good and poor performers in visual search, a marker task for planning, could be clearly distinguished in a game of strategies, “Master Mind.” It was suggested that assessment of planning can be made by observing how strategies are used in games and in experimental situations.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Armitage, S. F.An analysis of certain psychological traits used for the evaluation of brain damage. Psychological Monographs, 1946, 60 (Whole No. 277).
2.
Ashman, A. The relationship between planning and simultaneous and successive synthesis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, 1978.
3.
Bisanz, J., & Resnick, L. B.Changes with age in two components of visual search speed. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology1978, 25, 129-142.
4.
Bloom, B. S., & Broder, L. J.Problem-solving Process of college students. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
5.
Broadbent, D. E.Decision and stress. London: Academic Press, 1971.
6.
Bruner, J. S.Organization of early skilled action. Child Development, 1973,44, 1-11.
Das, J. P.Theoretical considerations and empirical evidence. Psychological Research (W. Germany), 1980, 41, 141-151.
9.
Das, J. P.Cultural deprivation and cognitive competence. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (vol. 6). N. Y.: Academic Press, 1973.
10.
Das, J. P., & Jarman, R.Coding and planning processes. In M. P. Friedman, J. P. Das, & N. O'Connor (Eds.), Intelligence and learning. N. Y.: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1981.
11.
Das, J. P., Kirby, J., & Jaiman, R.Simultaneous and successive cognitive processes. N.Y.: Academic Press, 1979.
12.
Das, J. P., Kirby, J., & Jarman, R.Simultaneous and successive synthesis: An alternative model for cognitive abilities. Psychological Bulletin, 1975, 82, 87-103.
13.
Deiderich, P. B.Measuring growth in English. Urbana, II.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1974.
14.
Flavell, J. H.Developmental studies of mediated memory. In H. W. Reese & L. P. Lipsett (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (vol. 5). N. Y.: Academic Press, 1970.
15.
Frase, L. T.Associative factors in syllogistic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1978, 76, 407-412.
16.
Hayes-Roth, B., & Hayes-Roth, F.A cognitive model of planning. Cognitive Science, 1979, 3, 275-310.
17.
Heemsbergen, D. Planning as a cognitive process: An empirical investigation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1980.
18.
Jarman, R., & Das, J. P.Simultaneous and successive synthesis and intelligence. Intelligence, 1977, 1, 151-169.
19.
Krywaniuk, L. W. Patterns cognitive abilities of high and low achieving school children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1974.
20.
Laughlin, P. R., Lange, R. & Adamopoulos, J.Selection strategies for “Master Mind” problems. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 1982, 8, 475-483.
21.
Leong, C. K. An investigation of spatial-temporal information-processing in children with specific reading disability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, 1974.
22.
Luria, A. R.The working brain: An introduction to neuropsychology. (Trans. by Basil Haigh.) London: Penguin Press, 1973.
23.
Luria, A. R.The origin and cerebral organization of man's conscious action: An evening lecture. 19th International Congress of Psychology, London, 1969.
24.
Luria, A. R.Higher cortical functions in man. N. Y.: Basic Books, 1966.
25.
Mandler, J. M., & Johnson, N. S.Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall. Cognitive Psychology, 1977, 9, 111-151.
26.
Milner, B.Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man. In J. W. Warren & K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, p. 313-334.
27.
Murray, H. A.Thematic apperception test manual. Cambridge: Harvard College, 1943.
28.
Neisser, U.Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1976.
29.
Reitan, R. M.The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1955, 19, 393-394.
30.
Simon, H. A.What the knower knows: Alternative strategies for problem-solving tasks. In F. Klix (Ed.), Human and artificial intelligence. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1979.
31.
Snart, F., O'Grady, M., & Das, J. P.Cognitive processing in subgroups of moderately retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1982,86, 465-472.
32.
Spreen, O., & Gaddes, W. H.Developmental norms for 15 neuropsychological tests age 5 to 15. Cortex, 1969, 5, 171-191.
33.
Sternberg, R. J.The nature of mental abilities. American Psychologist, 1979, 34, 214-230.
34.
Teuber, H. L.The riddle of the frontal lobe function in man. In J. M. Warren & K. Akert (Eds.), The frontal granular cortex and behavior. N. Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
35.
Teuber, H. L., Battersby, W. S., & Bender, M. B.Changes in visual searching performance following cerebral lesions. The American Journal of Physiology, 1949, 159, 592.
36.
Underwood, G. (Ed.) Strategies of information processing. London: Academic Press, 1978.
