This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-Directed Learning Inventory (SDLI) tailored to Korean college students, based on study evidences of differences in learning behavior across culture and educational level. With a sample of 605 female college students in Korea, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) results suggested a 28-item, eight-factor solution: (a) Learning Needs, (b) Utilizing Skills, (c) Enduring Challenges, (d) Self-efficacy in Learning, (e) Planning Skills, (f) Evaluating Skills, (g) Completing Tasks, and (h) Internal Attribution; confirmatory factor analysis cross-validated the EFA solutions. The SDLI demonstrated adequate internal consistency, as well as evidences that support construct validity.
BolhuisS. (2003). Towards process-oriented teaching for self-directed lifelong learning: A multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 13, 327-347. doi:10.1016/S0959-4752(02)00008-7
2.
ChenF. F.SousaK. H.WestS. G. (2005). Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 471-492.
3.
CostelloA. B.OsborneJ. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1-9.
4.
CsikszentmihalyiM. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
5.
DeciE. L.RyanR. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
6.
EllingerA. D.EllingerA. E.YangB.HowtonS. W. (2002). The relationship between the learning organization concept and firms’ financial performance: An empirical assessment. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13, 5-21. doi:10.1002/hrdq.1010
7.
EriksonE. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
8.
FrambachJ. M.DriessenE. W.ChanL.VleutenC. P. M. (2012). Rethinking the globalisation of problem-based learning: How culture challenges self-directed learning. Medical Education, 46, 738-747. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2012.04290.x
GarrisonD. R. (2003). Self-directed learning and distance education. In MooreM. G.AndersonW. (Eds.), Handbook of distance education (pp. 161-168). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11.
GuglielminoL. M. (1978). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38(11), 64-67.
12.
GweeM. C. (2008). Globalization of problem-based learning (PBL): Cross-cultural implications. Kaohsiung Journal of Medication Science, 24, 14-22. doi:10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70089-5
13.
HanS. (2004). The relationships between the academic motivation variables, cognitive strategies, and academic achievement. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 18, 329-350.
14.
HartleyK.BendixenL. D. (2001). Educational research in the internet age: Examining the role of individual characteristics. Educational Researcher, 30, 22-26. doi:10.3102/0013189X030009022
15.
HodgesB. D.ManiateJ. M.MartimianakisM. A.AlsuwaidanM.SegouinC. (2009). Cracks and crevices: Globalisation discourse and medical education. Medical Teacher, 31, 910-917. doi:10.3109/01421590802534932
16.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling:A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
17.
HyunJ. S. (1999). The development of instructional model for the improvement of self-directed learning ability for elementary school children (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Dong-a University, Busan, Korea.
18.
JungO. B.LimJ. H.JungS. H.KimL. G.YoonJ. E. (2012). The development and validation of a self-directed learning inventory for elementary school students. The Korean Journal of Human Development, 19, 227-245.
19.
KaneM. T. (2013). Validating the interpretations and uses of test scores. Journal of Educational Measurement, 50, 1-73. doi:10.1111/jedm.12000
20.
KhooH. E. (2003). Implementation of problem-based learning in Asian medical schools and students’ perceptions of their experience. Medical Education, 37, 401-409. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01489.x
21.
KnowlesM. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. Chicago, IL: Follett Publishing.
22.
KohlbergL. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In LickonaT. (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research and social issues (pp. 31-53). New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
23.
LeeJ. H. (2010). Analysis of the structural relationships among self-determination motivation to learn, metacognition, self-directed learning ability, learning flow, and school achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 48, 67-92.
24.
LongworthN.DaviesK. (1996). Lifelong learning: New vision, new implications, new roles for people, organizations, nations and communities in the 21st century. London, England: Kogan Page.
25.
ParkB. K.LeeJ. W.HongS. P. (2005). Reconstructing the classificatory pattern of learning motivation proposed by self-determination theory. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 19, 699-717.
26.
PiagetJ. (1983). Piaget’s theory. In MussenP. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 703-732). New York, NY: Wiley.
SchiefeleU.CsikszentmihalyiM. (1995). Motivation and ability as factors in mathematics experience and achievement. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 26, 163-181.
30.
SeokI. B. (2008). Analyzing characters of the learning flow. Journal of Educational Technology, 24, 181-212.
31.
SmithT. D.McMillanB. F. (2001, February). A primer of model fit indices in structural equation modeling. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
32.
StevensJ. P. (1992). Applied multicultural statistics for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33.
StockdaleS. L.BrockettR. G. (2011). Development of the PRO-SDLS: A measure of self-direction in learning based on the personal responsibility orientation model. Adult Education Quarterly, 61, 161-180. doi:10.1177/0741713610380447
34.
VelicerW. F. (1976). Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41, 321-327.
WongA. K. (2011). Culture in medical education: Comparing a Thai and a Canadian residency programme. Medical Education, 4, 1209-1219. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04059.x
37.
YongA. G.PearceS. (2013). A beginner’s guide for factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9, 79-94.
38.
YooE. J.ChoiM. S.ChoiS. Y. (2010). The structural relationship of class climate, family challenge-support, learning motivation, self-directed learning ability, and learning flow perceived by adolescents. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 24, 707-732.
