The Development and Use of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Observational Rating Scale: Factor Analysis and a Preliminary Investigation of Predictive Validity
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online December, 2001
The Development and Use of the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Observational Rating Scale: Factor Analysis and a Preliminary Investigation of Predictive Validity
The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Observational Rating Scale (ADHD-ORS; Deutscher & Fewell, 1996) was developed and used to rate 702 videotapes of 30-month-old, premature, low-birthweight toddlers born at eight medical schools across the nation. Coders were trained to score the 12-item scale according to specific criteria for each of 5 points on the Likert scale. Scores were sub jected to a principal components factor analy sis with varimax and promax rotations. The results support three factors that closely match the three main attributes of the disorder. These factors were identified as inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. Six-month predic tive validity with selected items from the Child Behavior Checklist was also determined. Implications for use in preschool settings and directions for future research are considered.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Achenbach, T.M., Edelbrock, C.S., & Howell, C.T. (1987). Empirically based assessment of the behavioral/emotional programs of 2- and 3-year-old children. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46(1), Serial No. 188).
2.
Aleman, S.R. (1991). CRS report for Congress: Special education for children with attention deficit disorder: Current issues. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
3.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author .
4.
Barkley, R.A. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford.
5.
Barkley, R.A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C., & Smallish, I. (1989). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: An 8 year prospective study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 546-557.
6.
Botting, N., Powls., A, Cooke, R.W. , & Marlow, N. (1997). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 931-941.
7.
Bracken, B. A. (Ed.). (2000). The psychoeducational assessment of preschool children (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon
8.
Campbell, S.B. (1987). Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: Developmental changes in symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 28, 835-846.
9.
Campbell, S.B., Breaux, A., Ewing, L., & Szumowski, E. (1986). Correlates and predictors of hyperactivity and aggression: A longitudinal study of parent-referred problem preschoolers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 217-234.
10.
Campbell, S.B., & Ewing, L.J., (1990). Follow-up of hard-to-manage preschoolers: Adjustment at age 9 and predictors of continuing symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 31, 871-889.
Cherkes-Julkowski, M. (1998). Learning disability, attention-deficit disorder, and language impairment as outcomes of prematurity: A longitudinal descriptive study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31, 294-306.
13.
Conners, C.K. (1998). Rating scales in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Use in assessment and treatment monitoring. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 (Suppl. 7), 24-30.
14.
Deutscher, B., & Fewell, R.R. (1996). The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Observational Rating Scale (ADHD-ORS). Unpublished scale. The Debbie Institute, University of MiamiSchool of Medicine , Miami, FL.
15.
Gelfand, D.M., & Hartman, D.P. (1975). Child behavior analysis and therapy. New York: Pergamon Press.
16.
Gross, R. T., Spiker, D., & Haynes, C. W. (Eds.). (1997). Helping low birth weight, premature babies: The Infant Health and Development Program. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
17.
Guttman, L. (1954). Some necessary conditions for common factor analysis . Psychometrika, 19, 149-161.
18.
Hetzel, R.D. (1996). A primer on factor analysis with comments on analysis and interpretation patterns. In B. Thompson (Ed.), Advances in social science methodology (Vol. 4, pp. 175-206). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
19.
Infant Health and Development Program. (1990). Enhancing the outcomes of low-birth-weight, premature infants. Journal of the American Medical Association, 263(23), 3035-3042.
McConnaughy, S.H., & Achenbach, T.M. (1988). Practical guide for the Child Behavior Checklist and related materials. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry .
22.
McKinney, J.D., Montague, M., & Hocutt, A.M. (1993). Synthesis of research on the assessment and identification of students with attention deficit disorder. University of Miami, OSEP Grant no. HO23S10013.
23.
National Institute of Health (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . NIH Consensus Statement, 16(2), 1-37.
24.
Orney, A., Uriel, L., & Tannenbaum, A. (1992). Inattention, hyperactivity and speech delay at 2-4 years of age as a predictor for ADD-ADHD Syndrome. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and RelatedSciences, 30, 155-161.
25.
Palfrey, J.S., Levine, M.D., Walker, D.K., & Sullivan, M. (1985). The emergence of attention deficits in early childhood: A prospective study. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 6, 339-348.
26.
Sanson, A., Smart, D., Prior, M., & Oberklaid, F. (1993). Precursors of hyperactivity and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 32, 1207-1216.
27.
Spiker, D., Ferguson, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1993). Enhancing maternal interactive behavior and child social competence in low birth-weight, premature infants . Child Development, 64, 754-768.
28.
Still, G.F. (1902). Some abnormal psychial conditions in children . Lancet, I, 1008-1012, 1077-1082, 1163-1168.
29.
Thompson, B., & Daniel, L.G. (1996). Factor analytic evidence for the construct validity of scores: An historical overview and some guidelines. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 197-208.
30.
Zito, J.M., Safer, D.J., dosReis, S., Gardner, J.F., Boles, M., & Lynch, F. (2000). Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. Journal of the American Medical Association , 283, 1025-1030.
