This paper presents the results of five years of mercury removal from flue gases at the Coriano (Italy) municipal solid waste incineration plant using powdered activated carbon (PAC). The results indicate that actual and even more strin gent future European emission limits (0.100 and 0.050 mg Hg/Nm3, respectively) can be affordably met at reasonable investment and operating costs.
Braun, H. (1986) On the Problematics of Mercury Separation in the Flue Gases From Wasteburning plants. Part I-II. Mull und Abfall18, 89-98
3.
Buekens, A. & Schoeters, J. (1988) Refuse Incineration and PVC. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Plastic Packaging, Brussels, Belgium, June 2-3, 1988
4.
Casill, R.P. (1994) Air Toxic Control Technologies for Industrial Applications . In- Proceedings of the 84th AWMA Annual Meeting , Vancouver, Canada, June 16-21, 1994 .
5.
Currò Dossi, E. (1992) Combustione di Rifiuti Urbani e Industriali: Ottenimento del Limite di Emissione di Diossine di 0,1 ng/Nm3 TCDD equivalenti (Municipal and industrial wastes combustion: reaching the 0.1 ng/Nm3 TCDD limit for dioxins . La Rivista dei Combustibili46, 345-353
6.
Dean, R.B. (1988) Incineration of Municipal WasteLondon, UK: Academic Press.
7.
Decree of the Ministry of the Environment of Italy July 12, 1990Linee Guida per il Contenimento delle Emissioni Inquinanti degli Impianti Industriali e la Fissazione dei Valori Minimi di Emissione (Guide lines for control of atmospheric pollutant emissions from industrial plants and for maximum acceptable concentrations.
8.
Decree of Ministries July 27, 1984 Disposizioni per la Prima Applicazione dell'art 4 delDPR 10/9/1982, n.915, concernente lo Smaltimento dei Rifiuti (Provisions for the application of the art 4 of DPR 915/82 concerning waste disposal
9.
Emilia Romagna Region Resolution CRIAER 20/05/91 Criteri per l'Autorizzazzione e il Controllo delle Emissioni m Atmosfera (Criteria for authorization and control of emissions in the atmosphere)
10.
European Community (1994) On Hazardous Waste Incineration European Community Directive 94/67/EC.
11.
European Community (1989) Regarding Prevention of Atmospheric Pollution from New Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plants. European Community Directive 89/369.
12.
Faini, R. & Notarnicola, M. (1992) Experience of an Incineration Plant for MSW and HSW Equipped with Flue Gas Dry Cleaning System- Coriano (FO1st International Environmental Workshop, Bari, Italy, October 9-12, 1992.
13.
Fernandez, M.A. (1992) Behaviour of Heavy Metals in the Combustion Gases of Urban Waste Incinerators. Environmental Science and Technology5, 1040-1047.
14.
Fujii, T. (1994) Removal Technology of PCDDs/PCDFs in Flue Gas from MSW Incinerators by Fabric Bag Filter and SCR System. Chemosphere29, 2067-2070.
15.
Ghezzi, U. (1991) Il controllo dell'Inquinamento Atmosferico negli Impianti di Incenerimento (Control of atmospheric pollution in incineration plants. In Regional Conference "Wastes incineration and flue gases treatment", Milan, Italy, October 21-25, 1991.
16.
Giugliano, M., Cernuschi, S., de Paoli, I. & Ghezzi, U. (1991) Il Flusso dei Residui e dei Metalli Pesanti nell'Incenerimento dei Rifiuti Solidi (Residues and heavy metals flows during waste incineration . IA-Ingegnena Ambientale2, 114-124.
17.
Hall, B. (1990) Mercury Chemistry in Simulated Flue Gases Related to Waste Incineration Conditions. Environmental Science and Technology24, 108-111.
18.
Hofer, P. (1984) Mercury Emissions After a Collection Campaign of Batteries. Internal Report N 84/09/15, Zurich Health Inspectorate , Zurich, Switzerland.
19.
Italian Law no. 203 May 24, 1988Attuazione delle Direttive CEE numeri 80/779, 82/884, 84/360 e 85/203 concernenti Norme in Materia di Qualità dell'Aria, relativamente a Specifici Agenti Inquinanti e di Inquimamento Prodotto dagli Impianti Industriali (Accomplishment of EC Directives 80/779, 82/884, 84/360 and 85/203 concerning atmospheric pollutant emissions from industrial plants
20.
Kirk, G. & Othmer, B. (1991) Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology (third editionNew York, NY, USA: John Wiley & Sons
21.
Krishnan, S.V. (1994) Sorption of Elemental Mercury by Activated Carbons . Environmental Science and Tecnhology28, 1506-1512.
22.
Liberti, L. , Tursi, A., Costantino, N., Ferrara L. & Nuzzo, G. (1994) Optimization of Infectious Hospital Waste Management in Italy: Part I - Wastes production and characterization study. Waste Management & Research12, 373-385.
23.
Liberti, L., Tursi, A., Costantino, N., Ferrara L. & Nuzzo, G. (1996) Optimization of Infectious Hospital Waste Management in Italy: Part II - Waste characterization by origin. Waste Management & Research14, 417-431.
24.
Lourie, D. ( 1992) CEH Marketing Research Report-Activated Carbon Chem. Economics Handbooks-SRI International
25.
Nebel, K.L. (1993) Emission Test Report OMSS Field Test on Carbon Injection for Mercury Control EPA/600/SR-92/192, NTIS PB93-105518/AS, NTIS , Springfield, VA, USA.
26.
Nriagu, O.J. (1989) A Global Assessment of Natural Sources of Atmospheric Trace MetalsNature338, 47-49.
27.
Perry, R.H. & Green, D.W. (1984) Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (sixth edition). New York, N.Y., USA: McGraw Hill . pp. 3-48.
28.
White, D.M. (1994) Emission Test Report, Field Test of Carbon Injection for Mercury Control, Camden County Municipal Waste Combustor EPA/600/SR-93/181, NTIS PB94-101540, NTIS , Springfield, VA, USA.
29.
World Health Organization (1988) Heavy metals and PAH compounds from municipal incinerationCopenhagen , Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe
