Energy recovery of used materials can be performed as mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration or as fuel recovery for co-combustion. Recovered fuels are refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which is mechanically separated and processed from MSW, and packaging-derived fuel (PDF), which is the source-separated, processed, dry combustable part of MSW.
Bruce, K., Beach, L.O. & Gullett, B.K. (1991) The role of gas-phase Cl2 in the formation of PCDD/PCDF during waste combustion. Waste Management & Research11, 97-102.
2.
Campbell, W., Matuny, M., Phalen, J., Strickler, C. & Tang, J. (1993) Design considerations for firing refuse derived fuel in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. In Proceedings of the 1993 International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion , Vol. 2, San Diego, California: The American Society of Mechamcal Engineers, pp. 1163-1170.
3.
CEN-CR 1460 Packaging-energy recovery from used packaging ( 1994). Technical Report of the CEN/TC261/SC4/WG4. Swedish Standards Institution.
4.
Daugherty, K., Venables, B. & Ohlsson, O. (1989) Emission studies of full-scale cofiring of pelletized REF/coal. In Proceedings of the 12th Conference on Energy from Biomass and Wastes, New Orleans, U.S.A., Institute of Gas Technology, pp. 471-502.
5.
Frankenhaeuser, M., Manmnen, H., Kojo, I., Ruuskanen, J., Vartiainen, T., Vesterinen, R. & Virkki, J. (1993) Organic emissions from co-combustion of mixed plastics with coal in a bubbling fluidized bed boiler. Chemosphere27, 309-316.
6.
Frankenhaeuser, M., Hiltunen, M., Manninen, H., Palonen, J., Ruuskanen, J. & Vartiainen, T. (1994) Emissions from co-combustion of used packaging with peat and coal. Chemosphere29, 2057-2066.
7.
Griffin, R.D. (1986) A new theory of dioxin formation in municipal solid waste combustion. Chemosphere15, 1987-1990.
8.
Halonen, I., Tarhanen, J., Kopsa, T., Palonen, J., Vilokki, H. & Ruuskanen, J. (1993) Formation of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in incineration of refuse derived fuel. Chemosphere26, 1869-1880.
9.
Jansson, B. & Bergvall, G. (1987) Recommended methodology for measurements of PCDD and PCDF in the Nordic Countries. Waste Management & Research5, 251-255.
10.
Manninen, H. & Peltola, K. (1995) Co-combustion of used packaging. Final Report 47/95. Neste Oy, Kulloo, Finland.
11.
Mattila, H., Virtanen, T., Vartiainen, T. & Ruuskanen, J. (1992) Emissions from combustion of waste plastic material in fixed bed boiler. Chemosphere25, 1599-1609.
12.
Norton, G.A. (1992) A review of trace element emissions from the combustion of refuse-derived fuel with coal. Environmental Progress11, 140-144.
13.
Norton, G.A., deKalb, E.L. & Malaby, K.L. (1986) Elemental composition of suspended particulate matter from the combustion of coal and coal/refuse mixtures. Environmental Science and Technology20, 604-609.
14.
Norton, G.A. & Levine, A.D. (1989) Cocombustion of refuse-derived fuel and coal. A review of selected emissionsEnvironmental Science and Technology23, 774-783.
15.
Ohlsson, O.O., Livengood, C.D. & Daugherty, K.E. (1990) Results of emissions and ash testing in full-scale co-combustion tests of binder-enhanced dRDF pellets and high-sulfur coal. In Proceedings of Air and Waste Management Association Forum 90, Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of Energy.
16.
Stieglitz, L., Zwick, G., Beck, J., Roth, W. & Vogg, H. (1989) On the De Novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDF on fly ash of municipal waste incinerators. Chemosphere18, 1219-1226.
17.
U.S.EPA, Environmental Protection Agency ( 1990) Rules and Regulations, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Federal Register55(61) pp. 11863-11875.
18.
Vesterinen, R. (1995) Jätteen leijukerrospolton päästöt (Emissions from fluidized bed combustion of waste). Projekti 602, Raportti L95-1 Liekki 2 Vuosikirja Part 2Turku, Finland, Åbo Akademi, 1151-1167.
