This study was undertaken to evaluate in-situ soil bioremediation processes, including degradation and detoxification, for two types of wood preserving wastes and two types of petroleum refining wastes at high concentrations in an unacclimated soil. The soil solid phase, water soluble fractions of the soil, and column leachates were evaluated. Two bioassays, a mutagenic potential asay (Ames assay) and an aqueous toxicity assay (Microtox™ assay) were used to evaluate detoxification; high performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate chemical concentration and degradation for eight polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The group of non-carcinogenic PAHs studied demonstrated greater degradation, ranging from 54-90% of mass added for the four wastes; the carcinogenic group of PAHs studied exhibited degradation ranging from 24-53% of mass added. Although no mutagenicity was observed in waste/soil mixtures after one year of treatment, Microtox™ toxicity was observed in water soluble fractions and in leachate samples. An integration of information concerning degradation of hazardous constituents with bioassay information represents an approach for designing treatability studies and for evaluating the effectiveness of in-situ bioremediation of contaminated soil/waste systems. When combined with information from waste, site and soil characterization studies, the data generated in treatability studies may be used in predictive mathematical models to: (1) evaluate the effectiveness of use of on-site bioremediation for treatment of wastes in soil systems; (2) develop appropriate containment structures to prevent unacceptable waste transport from the treatment zone; and (3) design performance monitoring strategies.
Ames, B.N., McCann, J. & Yamasaki, E. (1975), Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test, Mutation Research, 31, 347-364.
2.
Awma/Epa (1989), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hazardous Waste Treatment: Biosystems for Pollution Control. Air and Waste Management Association and the USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, February 20-23.
3.
Beckman Instruments (1982), Beckman Microtox™ Systems Operating Manual, Microbial Operations, Carlsbad, CA.
4.
Bos, R.P., Hulshof, C.T.J., Theuws, J.L.G. & Henderson, P.T. (1983), Mutagenicity of creosote in the Salmonella microsome assay, Mutation Research, 119, 21-25.
5.
Bos, R.P., Theuws, J.L.G., Leijdekkers, Ch.-M. & Henderson, P.T. (1984), The presence of the mutagenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene in creosote P1, Mutation Research, 130, 153-158.
6.
Bossert, I., Kachel, W.M. & Bartha, R. (1984), Fate of hydrocarbons during oily sludge disposal in soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 47, 763-767.
7.
Cerniglia, C.E., Althaus, J.A., Evans, F.E., Freeman, J.P., Mitchum, R.K. & Yang, S.K. (1983), Sterochemistry and evidence for an arene oxide-NIH shift pathway in the fungal metabolism of naphthalene, Chemical and Biological Interactions, 44, 119-132.
8.
Cerniglia, C.E. & Yang, S.K. (1984), Steroselective metabolism of anthracene and phenanthrene by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 47, 119-124.
9.
Coover, M.P. & Sims, R.C. (1987), The rate of benzo(a)pyrene apparent loss in a natural and manure amended clay loam soil, Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials4, 151-158.
10.
Coover, M.P., Sims, R.C. & Doucette, W.J. (1987), Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from spiked soil, Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 70, 1018-1020.
11.
Cripps, R.E. & Watkinson, R.J. (1978), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Metabolism and environmental aspects, In Developments in Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons (Watkinson, R. J., ed.), Applied Science Publishers Ltd., Essex, England, pp113-134.
12.
Crosby, D.G. (1981), Environmental Chemistry of pentachlorophenol, Pure and AppliedChemistry, 53, 1052-1080.
13.
DeSerres, F.J. & Shelby, M.D. (1979), Recommendations on data production and analysis using the Salmonella microsomal mutagenicity assay. Mutation Research, 64, 159-165.
14.
Donnelly, K.C., Brown, K.W., Thomas, J.C. & Davol, P. (1985), Evaluation of the hazardous characteristics of two petroleum wastes, Hazardous Wastes & Hazardous Materials , 2, 191-207.
15.
Donnelly, K.C., Davol, P., Brown, K.W., Estiri, M. & Thomas, J.C. (1986), Mutagenic activity of two soils amended with a wood-preserving waste, Environmental Science and Technology , 21, 57-72.
16.
Engineering Foundation, (1988), Proceedings, Conference on Biotechnology Applications in Hazardous Waste Treatment, Engineering Foundation Conferences, Longboat Key, Florida, October 31-November 4.
17.
Foster, J.W. (1962a), Hydrocarbons as substrates for micro-organisms . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Journal of Microbiology and Serology , 28, 241-274.
18.
Foster, J.W. (1962b), Bacterial oxidation of hydrocarbons, In Oxygenases (Hayaishi O., ed.) Academic Press Inc., New York.
19.
Gibson, D.T., Mahadevan, V., Jerina, D.M., Yagi, H. & Yeh, H.J.C. (1975), Oxidation of the carcinogens benzo(a)pyrene and benz(a)anthracene to dihydrodiols by a bacterium, Science189, 295-297.
20.
Hazardous Materials Control Research Institute (HMCRI) (1988), Use of Genetically Altered or Adapted Organisms in the Treatment of Hazardous Wastes, Specialty Conference, Washington, D.C., November 30-December 2.
21.
Herbes, S.E. & Schwall, L.R. (1978), Microbial transformation of PAHs in pristine and petroleum contaminated sediments, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 35, 306-316.
22.
Keck, J. (1989), Co-oxidation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Systems, MS Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
23.
Ma, C.Y., Ho, C.-h., Quincy, R.B., Guerin, M.R., Rao, T.K., Allen, B.E. & Epler, J.L. (1983), Preparation of oils for bacterial mutagenicity testing, Mutation Research, 118, 15-24.
24.
Maron, D.M. & Ames, B.N. (1983), Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test, Mutation Research, 113, 173-215.
25.
Matthews, J.E. & Bulich, A.A. (1984), A toxicity reduction test system to assist in predicting land treatability of hazardous wastes, In Hazardous and Industrial Solid Waste Testing: Fourth Symposium. (Petros, J. K. Jr., Lacy, W. J. & Conway, R. A., eds.) STP-886, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 176-191.
26.
Matthews, J.E. & Hastings, L. (1987), Evaluation of toxicity test procedure for screening treatability potential of waste in soil, Toxicity Assessment: An International Quarterly, 2, 265-281.
27.
McCann, J.R., Choi, R., Yamasaki, E., & Ames, B.N. (1975), Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella microsome test: Assay of 300 chemicals, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 72, 5135-5139.
28.
McGinnis, G.D., Borazjani, H., McFarland, L.K., Pope, D.F., & Strobel, D.A. (1988), Characterization and Laboratory Soil Treatability Studies for Creosote and Pentachlorophenol Sludges and Contaminated Soil. EPA/600/2- 88/055. USEPA, Ada, OK.
29.
McKenna, E.J. (1977), Biodegradation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutants: By Soil and Water Micro-organisms, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 70th Annual Meeting, Nov. 13-17, New York, NY.
30.
Omenn, G. S., ed. (1987), Environmental Biotechnology-Reducing Risks from Environmental Chemicals through Biotechnology, Proceedings, Conference, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, July 19-23, Plenum Press, New York.
31.
Park, K.S. (1987), Degradation and Transformation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Systems, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Utah.
32.
Park, K.S., Sims, R.C., Doucette, W.J. & Matthews, J.E. (1988), Biological transformation and detoxification of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene in soil systems, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 60, 1822-1825.
Sims, R.C., Sims, J.L. & Dupont, R.R. (1984), Human health effects assays, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 56, 791-800.
35.
Sims, R.C., Sims, J.L. & Dupont, R.R. (1985), Human health effects assays, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 57, 728-742.
36.
Sims, R.C., Sims, J.L. & Dupont, R.R. (1986), Human health effects assays, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 58, 703-717.
37.
Sims, R.C., Sims, J.L. & Dupont, R.R. (1987), Human health effects assays, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 59, 601-614.
38.
Sims, R.C., Sims, J.L. & Dupont, R.R. (1988), Human health effects assays, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 60, 1093-1196.
39.
Symons, B.D. & Sims, R.C. (1988), Assessing detoxification of a complex hazardous waste, using the Microtox™ bioassay, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 17, 497-505.
40.
Sims, R.C. (1989), Overview of bioremediation in soil and groundwater-theoretical and practical considerations, In Proceedings, Symposium on Bioremediation of Wood Treating Wastes ( McGinnis, G. ed.), Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, March 14-15.
41.
Usepa (1974), Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Plywood. Hardboard and Wood Preserving Segment of the mber Products Processing Point Source Category. EPA-440/1-74-023a. USEPA, Washington, DC.
Usepa (1984), Creosote-Special Review Position Document 213. USEPA, Washington, DC.
44.
Usepa (1986a), Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Pentachlorophenol. USEPA , Duluth, MN.
45.
Usepa (1986b), Permit Guidance Manual on Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Demonstrations. EPA-530/SW-86-032. USEPA, Washington, DC.
46.
Usepa (1986c), Waste-Soil Treatability Studies for Four Complex Wastes: Methodologies and Results. Vol. 1: Literature Assessment, Waste-Soil Characterization, Loading Rate Selection; and Vol. 2: Waste Loading Impacts on Soil Degradation, Transformation, and Immobilization . EPA/600/6-86/003a and b, USEPA, Ada, OK.
47.
Usepa (1989), Proceedings, Workshop on Bioremediation of Hazardous Waste Sites. USEPA , Philadelphia, PA.
48.
Williams, L.R. & Preston, J.R. (1983), Interim Procedures for Conducting the Salmonella/ Microsomal MutagenicityAssay ( Ames Test). USEPA, Las Vegas, NV.
