Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) may enter an incinerator with the waste, be created in poor combustion or form in post-combustion zones under certain conditions of temperature and oxygen. Tests of MSW burning plants show a wide range of emissions of PCDD and PCDF. Diagnostic tests show the relationship between combustion conditions and the emission of PCDD/DF before and after emission controls. Mixing effectiveness, tightness of control, moisture, furnace and post-furnace temperatures, and the use of lime and reduced temperatures for acid-gas control all have an effect on emissions of trace organics. Carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen, moisture and furnace temperature have been found to be closely related to PCDD/PCDF emissions. By control of temperature and/or oxygen, and the use of CO as an indicator, it is possible to find and maintain optimum combustion conditions so as to minimize dioxins and furans. Plants having acid-gas controls reduce emissions below those achieved by good combustion alone.
Aslander, O. & Modig, S. (1986), A Program for Action in Sweden to Limit Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs from Waste-to-Energy Plants, Dioxin 86 Symposium, Fukuoka, Japan, September 1986.
2.
Bauer, K., Haile, C. & Hathaway, R. (1986), Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Airbourne Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from Municipal Refuse Incinerators, USEPA, Office of Air Quality, RTP, NC.
3.
Boisjoly, L. (1984), Measurement of Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from Des Carrieres Incinerator in Montreal, Report EPS 5/UP/RQ/-1, Environment Canada, December 1984.
4.
Czuczwa, J.M. & Hites, R.A. (1986), Airbourne dioxins and dibenzofurans: sources and fates, Environmental Science and Technology, 20(2), 195-200.
5.
Drum, D. (1986), Chemistry of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration , APCA, Minneapolis, MN, June 1986.
6.
Duvall, D.S. & Rubey, W.S. (1977), Laboratory Evaluation of High Temperature Destruction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Related Compounds, University of Dayton Research Institute, USEPA, MERL, Cincinnati, OH, December 1977.
7.
Envirocon (1984), Report on Combustion Testing Program at the SWARU plant, Hamilton-Wentworth, ARB-43-ETGRD, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, January 1984.
8.
Hagenmaier, H., Brunner, H., Haag, R. & Kraft, (1986), 6th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, Fukuoka, Japan, September 1986.
9.
Hart, F. C. Associates (1984), Assessment of Potential Public Health Impacts Associates with Predicted Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from Brooklyn Navy Yard Resource Recovery Facility, New York CityDept. of Sanitation, August 1984.
10.
Hasselriis, F. (1982), Variability of Composition of Municipal Solid Waste and Emissions from its Combustion, ASME Solid Waste Processing Conference, Miami, FL.
11.
Hasselriis, F. (1984), Variability of Municipal Solid Waste and Emissions from its Combustion, ASME SWPD Conference, Orlando, FL, June 1984.
12.
Hasselriis, F. (1985), Relationship Between Municipal Refuse Combustion Conditions and Trace Organic Emissions, 78th Annual Meeting of APCA, Detroit, June 1985.
13.
Hasselriis, F. (1986a), Minimizing Trace Organic Emissions from Combustion of Municipal Wastes by the Use of Carbon Monoxide Monitors, 1986, ASME SWPD Conference, Denver, June, 1986.
14.
Hasselriis, F. (1986b), Minimizing Refuse Combustion Emissions by Combustion Control, Alkaline Reagents, Condensation and Particulate Removal, Synergy/Power Symposium on Energy from Solid Wastes, Washington, October, 1986.
15.
Hasselriis, F. (1986c), Effects of Burning Municipal Waste on Environment and Health, ASME/IEEE Power Generation Conference , Portland, OR, October, 1986.
16.
Hay, D.J., Finkelstein, A. & Klicius, R. (1986), The National Incinerator Testing and Evaluation Program: An assessment of (A) Two-stage Incineration and (B) Pilot-scale Emission Control, APCA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, June 1986.
17.
Nitep (1985), National Incinerator Testing and Evaluation Program: Two-stage Combustion (Prince Edward Island), ESP 3/UP/1, 1985, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
18.
Nitep (1986), Air Pollution Control Technology, Report EPS 3/UP/2, September 1986, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
19.
Nysdec (1986), Emission Source Test Report—Preliminary Report on Westchester Resource Recovery Facility , NYSDEC Division of Air Resources, Albany, NY, January 1986. Additional reports for other facilities tested.
20.
Stieglitz, L. & Vogg, H. (1986), On Formation Conditions of PCDD/PCDF in Flyash from Municipal Waste Incinerators, 6th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, September 1986.
21.
Tuv (1984), Tests of Uncontrolled and Clean Gas and Discharged Salts of a MSW Incinerator for PCDD/PCDF, Hamburg, F.R.G.
22.
Tysklind, M., Marklund, S. & Rappe C. (1986), Experiences from the Swedish MSW Moratorium, Dioxin 86 Symposium, Fukuoka, Japan, September 1986.
23.
Visalli, J. (1986), Pittsfield Incinerator Research Project, Status and Summary of Phase 1: Plant Charcterization and Performanee Testing, ASME 10th National Waste Processing Conference, Denver, CO, June 1986.
24.
Visalli, J. (1987), Results of the Combustion and Emissions Research Project at the Vicon Incineration Facility in Pittsfield, MA, Midwest Research Institute, February 1987.
25.
Wold, S. et al. (1983), Multivariate data analysis in chemistry , Proceedings, NATO Advance Study Institute on Chemometrics , Cosenza, Italy, September 1983 .
