This paper traces changing attitudes and practices regarding municipal and industrial waste disposal from the middle of the 19th century to the present. It examines the interaction between various theories of health and waste disposal in water and on land. The concluding section explores the increasing use of industrial and sanitary landfills since World War II and the development of legislation to deal with negative effects.
Besselievre, E.B. (1931), The disposal of industrial chemical waste, The Chemical Age, 25, 516-518.
6.
Brooks, H. (1982), Science indicators and science priorities, Science, Technology and Human Values, 38, 14-31.
7.
Chapin, C.V. (1921), History of state and municipal control of disease . In A Half Century of Public Health, ( Mazyck P. Ravenel, Ed.) pp. 133-160. American Public Health Association , New York, U.S.A.
8.
Ceq (1979), Environmental Quality . U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
9.
Ceq (1980), Environmental Quality . U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
10.
Douglas, M. (1966), Purity and Danger. Bsasic Books , New York.
11.
Eliassen, R. & Lizee, A.J. (1942), Sanitary landfills in New York City, Civil Engineering, 12, 483-486.
12.
Engineering News Record, (1940), Health experts endorse landfills and recommend best practice, pp. 54-55.
13.
Greenberg, M.R. & Anderson, R.F. (1984), Hazardous Waste Sites: The CredibilityGap. Center for Urban Policy Research, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A.
14.
Hays, S.P. (1982), From conservation to environment: environmental politics in the United States since World War II, Environmental Review, 6, 14-41.
15.
Hollander, W. (1981), Abel Wolman: His Life and Philosophy, Vols 1 & 2. Universal Printing & Publishing Co., Chapel Hill, NC.
16.
Lazarchik, D.A. (1970), Pennsylvania's pollution incident prevention program . In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, West Lafayette, Indiana, Vol. 25, pp. 528-533.
17.
Leighton, M.O. (1905), Industrial wastes and their sanitary significance , Reports and Papers of the American Public Health Association , 31, 29-41.
18.
Maugh, T.H. (1979), Burial is last resort for hazardous wastes, Science, 204, 1294-1297.
19.
Melosi, M.V. (1981), Garbage in the Cities: Refuse Reform and the Environment . Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.
20.
Rice, J.L. & Pincus, S. (1940), Health aspects of land-fills, American Journal of Public Health, 30, 1391-1398.
21.
Rosen, G. (1958), A History of Public Health. MD Publications, New York, U.S.A.
22.
Rosenkrantz, B. (1972), Public Health and the State: Changing Views in Massachusetts, 1842-1936. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
23.
Tarr, J.A. (1975), From city to farm: urban wastes and the American farmer, AgriculturalHistory, 49, 598-612.
24.
Tarr, J.A. (1984), The search for the ultimate sink: urban air, land, and water pollution in historical perspective. In Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, DC, Vol 51, pp. 1-29. The University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville , U.S.A.
25.
Tarr, J.A.McCurley, J., III, McMichael, F.C. & Yosie, F.T. (1984), Water and wastes: a retrospective assessment of wastewater technology in the United States, 1800-1932, Technology and Culture, 25, 226-263.
26.
Todd, D.K. & McNulty, D.E.O. (1976), Polluted Groundwater: A Review of the Significant Literature. Water Information Center, Huntington, New York, U.S.A.
27.
Warrick, L.F. (1938), The prevalence of the industrial waste problem . In Modern Sewage Disposal, ( L. Pearse, Ed.), pp. 340-372. Federation of Sewage Works Association, New York.
