Towards a just transition to the circular economy: Analysing waste pickers’ integration in North America

Abstract

Waste pickers (WPs) contribute to the advancement of the circular economy (CE) by recovering recyclables and supporting more sustainable waste systems, yet they remain under-recognised and underpaid. Their integration is a necessary condition for a just transition to the CE, one that values affected voices, including them in decision-making. Although most research on WPs concentrates on the Global South, this study offers the first in-depth analysis of integration efforts and contributions to a just CE transition in the Global North. It examines 5 organisations affiliated with the North American Waste Pickers Alliance, whose activities directly involved over 400 WPs in 2024 and have collectively engaged more than 12,000 WPs throughout their individual operations. Drawing on interviews, field visits and document analysis, the study finds that WPs primarily collect deposit-return containers and, although connected through collective organisations, often continue to work individually. Integration is driven by grassroots initiatives, rather than by municipal or corporate programmes, reflecting the lack of inclusive policy frameworks. The groups engage in awareness-raising, advocacy, job creation and infrastructure support. They also facilitate WP registration, fair compensation, participation in policymaking and improved waste management. However, they often assume responsibilities that should be shared with governments and industry, such as waste segregation and resources recovery, underscoring the need for stronger partnerships for a just CE transition. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of inclusive waste management and just transitions, offering guidance for policymakers and researchers.

Graphical abstract