Disaster waste management after the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake: A mini-review of earthquake waste management and the Kumamoto experience

Abstract

Millions of tons of debris can be generated by natural disasters, impacting the surrounding environment and posing health risks to the public. Proper handling and treatment of such waste is essential to overcome potential hazards as well as to reduce the burden on natural resources during the reconstruction phase. Disaster waste management can have social, economic, and environmental benefits if planned effectively. This mini-review focuses on the destruction caused and debris generated by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Japan. In addition, it elaborates upon the treatment of debris in Kumamoto at temporary and secondary storage sites by segregation and the adoption of a full-scale recycling system. It also shows that cooperative networks involving numerous organizations are important in managing a large amount of disaster waste. Finally, it presents comparative discussions of different aspects of disaster waste management in the Kumamoto Earthquake event and other disasters. The experience gained from the Kumamoto Earthquake is important for future disaster waste management planning.

Keywords

Kumamoto Earthquake disaster waste management recycling networks and cooperation household clean-up waste building demolition waste temporary storage site

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Aoki

(2018) Who would be willing to accept disaster debris in their backyard? Investigating the determinants of public attitudes in post-Fukushima Japan. Risk Analysis 38: 535–547.

Asari

Sakai

S-i

Yoshioka

et al . (2013) Strategy for separation and treatment of disaster waste: A manual for earthquake and tsunami disaster waste management in Japan. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 15: 290–299.

Asian Disaster Reduction Center (2016) 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Survey Report (Preliminary). Asian Disaster Reduction Center, 2016. Available at: http://www.adrc.asia/publications/201604_KumamotoEQ/ADRC_2016KumamotoEQ_Report_1.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).

Baycan

(2004) Emergency planning for disaster waste: A proposal based on the experience of the Marmara earthquake in Turkey. In: 2004 International Conference and Student Competition on Post-Disaster Reconstruction: ‘Planning for Reconstruction’, Coventry, 22–23 April, pp.1361–1375. Available at: http://www.grif.umontreal.ca/pages/papers2004/Paper%20-%20Baycan%20F.pdf (accessed 24 April 2018).

Brown

Milke

(2016) Recycling disaster waste: Feasibility, method and effectiveness. Resource Conservation and Recycling 106: 21–32.

Brown

Milke

Seville

(2011) Disaster waste management: A review article. Waste Management 31: 1085–1098.

Christensen

Drysdale

Hansen

et al . (2014) Partnership for development: Municipal solid waste management in Kasese, Uganda. Waste Management & Research 32: 1063–1072.

Denhart

(2010) Deconstructing disaster: Economic and environmental impacts of deconstruction in post-Katrina New Orleans. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54: 194–204.

Domingo

Luo

(2017) Canterbury earthquake construction and demolition waste management: Issues and improvement suggestions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 22: 130–138.

10.

Donovan

Pickin

(2016) An Australian stocks and flows model for asbestos. Waste Management & Research 34: 1081–1088.

11.

Endoh

(2016) The treatment of disaster waste by Great East Japan Earthquake in Sendai City. A paper presented in G7 Alliance Workshop on International Cooperation on Resource Efficiency on 22 February 2016. Available at: http://kouikishori.env.go.jp/action/international_organizations_cooperation/pdf/160222_03.pdf (accessed 8 March 2018).

12.

Esworthy

Schierow

L-J

Copeland

et al . (2006) Cleanup after Hurricane Katrina: Environmental Considerations. In: CRS Report for Congress. Congressional Research Service: The Library of Congress. Resources, Science and Industry Division. Available at: https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9025/m1/1/high_res_d/RL33115_2006May03.pdf (accessed 3 May 2018).

13.

Gabrielli

Amato

Balducci

et al . (2018) Disaster waste management in Italy: Analysis of recent case studies. Waste Management 71: 542–555.

14.

Government of Nepal (2015) Standard Operational Procedures for removal of vulnerable building structures by earthquake, 2015. Government of Nepal, 2015 in Nepali. Available at: http://drrportal.gov.np/uploads/document/181.pdf (accessed 6 February 2018).

15.

Hayashi

Katsumi

(1996) Generation and management of disaster waste. Soils and Foundations 36: 349–358.

16.

Houghton

Norris

(2018) Credibility, integrity, transparency & courage: The Haitian Cholera outbreak and the United Nations (UN). Journal of Infection and Public Health 11: 140–141.

17.

Ide

(2015) Treatment of disaster waste generated by the Great East Japan Earthquake – Treatment of disaster waste by member corporations of the Japan Federation of Construction Contractors. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2: 135–142.

18.

Karunasena

Rameezdeen

Amaratunga

(2012) Post-disaster C&D waste management: The case of COWAM project in Sri Lanka. Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, Conference Series 1: 60–71.

19.

Kim

Deshmukh

Hastak

(2018) A framework for assessing the resilience of disaster debris management system. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28: 674–687.

20.

Kim

Y-C

Hong

W-H

Park

J-W

et al . (2017) An estimation framework for building information modeling (BIM)-based demolition waste by type. Waste Management & Research 35: 1285–1295.

21.

Kumamoto City (2017) Kumamoto City: Kumamoto Municipal Disaster Waste Treatment Implementation Plan concerning the Kumamoto Earthquake in June 14, 2016 (1st Edition), December 13, 2016 (2nd Edition), June 9, 2017 (3rd Edition). [In Japanese.] Available at: http://www.city.kumamoto.jp/common/UploadFileDsp.aspx?c_id=5&id=13004&sub_id=3&flid=110118 (accessed 23 February 2018).

22.

Kumamoto Prefecture (2017) Kumamoto Prefecture: Disaster waste disposal execution plan, formulated in June 2016, revised June 2017. [In Japanese.] Available at: https://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/common/UploadFileOutput.ashx?c_id=3&id=19935&sub_id=1&flid=107637 (accessed 23 February 2018).

23.

Kurata

(2017) Nondestructive classification analysis of wood soaked in seawater by using near-infrared spectroscopy. Forest Products Journal 67: 63–68.

24.

Lauritzen

(1998) Emergency construction waste management. Safety Science 30: 45–53.

25.

Marquis

Kim

Elwood

et al . (2015) Understanding post-earthquake decision on multi-storey concrete buildings in Christchurch, New Zealand. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15: 731–758.

26.

Memon

(2015) Disaster waste recovery and utilization in developing countries – Learning from earthquakes in Nepal. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2: 143–147.

27.

Ministry of Environment, Japan (2007) Instruction manual on prevention of asbestos scattering in the event of disaster. Ministry of Environment, Japan, August 2007. [In Japanese.] Available at: http://www.env.go.jp/air/asbestos/man_disaster/full.pdf (accessed 17 May 2016).

28.

Ministry of Environment, Japan (2011) Guidelines (master plan) for disaster waste management after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Ministry of Environment, Japan, 2011. Available at: http://www.env.go.jp/jishin/attach/haiki_masterplan-en.pdf (accessed 14 March 2018).

29.

Ministry of Environment, Japan (2012) Progress on treatment of debris in coastal municipalities from the three most affected prefectures by the Great East Japan Earthquake. Ministry of Environment, Japan, 2012. Available at: http://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/eq/ptd.pdf (accessed 8 March 2018).

30.

Ministry of Environment, Japan (2016) Guidelines towards the promotion for recycling of solar power generation equipment. Ministry of Environment, Japan, March 2016. [In Japanese.] Available at: http://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/102441.pdf (accessed 17 May 2016).

31.

Ministry of Environment, Japan (2018) Progress status of disaster waste disposal generated by 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake as of end of January 2018. Ministry of Environment, Japan, March 13, 2018. [In Japanese.] Available at: http://kouikishori.env.go.jp/archive/h28_shinsai/perform_processing/pdf/h28_shinsai_info_180313.pdf (accessed 20 April 2018).

32.

Miyazaki

Sato

(2017) Empirical studies on strategic interaction among municipality governments over disaster waste after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 44: 26–38.

33.

Mizuta

Izato

Y-i

Miyake

(2015) Thermal ignition behavior of waste woods mixed with unsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 121: 361–369.

34.

Mukunoki

Kasama

Murakami

et al . (2016) Reconnaissance report on geotechnical damage caused by an earthquake with JMA seismic intensity 7 twice in 28 h, Kumamoto, Japan. Soils and Foundations 56: 947–764.

35.

Murasawa

Koseki

Iwata

et al . (2018) Examination of the fires caused by fermentation in disaster waste after the 2011 earthquake. Waste and Biomass Valorization 1–15. Epub ahead of print 1 March 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s12649–018–0261–6.

36.

Nakajima

Sato

Fujikawa

(2015) Application to the separation of disaster waste using rotary crushing and mixing method. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2: 2591–2595.

37.

National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal (2015). Nepal Earthquake 2015 Post Disaster Needs Assessment. Vol. B: Sector reports. National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal. Available at: https://www.npc.gov.np/images/category/PDNA_volume_BFinalVersion.pdf (accessed 14 June 2018).

38.

Ohta

Umino

Uno

et al . (2016) Recycling of tsunami deposits by soil modification and heavy metal immobilization treatment for the disaster waste management project in Kesennuma. Journal of the Society of Material Science, Japan 65: 10–15. [In Japanese.]

39.

Ohtomo

Kimura

Hirata

(2017) The influences of resident’s evacuation patterns in the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake on public risk perceptions and trust towards authorities. Journal of Disaster Research 12: 1139–1150.

40.

Oxfam Nepal (2017) Transferring cash to earthquake affected families. Cash Transfer Programme, Oxfam Nepal, 2017. Available at: https://nepal.oxfam.org/policy_paper/cash-transfer-nepal (accessed 21 March 2018).

41.

Periathamby

Hamid

Sakai

S-i

(2012) Disaster waste management challenges. Waste Management & Research 30: 113–114.

42.

Portugal-Pereira

Lee

(2016) Economic and environmental benefits of waste-to-energy technologies for debris recovery in disaster-hit northeast Japan. Journal of Cleaner Production 112: 4419–4429.

43.

ProAct and Shelter Centre (2013) Planning Centralised Building Waste Management Programmes in Response to Large Disasters. Brief guide published by ProAct Network and Shelter Centre. Available at: https://postconflict.unep.ch/humanitarianaction/documents/02_03-04_01-03.pdf (accessed 18 February 2018).

44.

Raila

Anderson

(2017) Healthcare waste management during disasters and its effect on climate change: Lessons from 2010 earthquake and cholera tragedies in Haiti. Waste Management & Research 35: 236–245.

45.

Rajamanikam

Poyyamoli

Kumar

et al . (2014) The role of non-governmental organizations in residential solid waste management: A case study of Puducherry, a coastal city of India. Waste Management & Research 32: 867–881.

46.

Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center, Nepal (2015) Disaster Waste: Addressing the Challenges in Nepal. Desk Study Report prepared for UNEP IETC. Solid Waste Management Technical Support Center, Nepal.

47.

Saffarzadeh

Shimaoka

Kakuta

(2014) Cesium distribution and phases in proxy experiments on the incineration of radioactively contaminated waste from the Fukushima area. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 136: 76–84.

48.

Saffarzadeh

Shimaoka

Nakayama

et al . (2017) Tasks and problems involved in the handling of disaster waste upon April 2016 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan. Natural Hazards 89: 1273–1290.

49.

Sasao

(2016) Cost and efficiency of disaster waste disposal: A case study of the Great East Japan Earthquake. Waste Management 58: 3–13.

50.

Srour

Chehab

El-Fadel

et al . (2013) Pilot-based assessment of the economics of recycling construction demolition waste. Waste Management & Research 31: 1170–1179.

51.

Tabata

Wakabayashi

Tsai

et al . (2017) Environmental and economic evaluation of pre-disaster plans for disaster waste management: Case study of Minami-Ise, Japan. Waste Management 61: 386–396.

52.

Takatani

Nishikawa

(2017) Seismic performance of Japanese-style two-story wooden house against the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake. Paper presented in the 2017 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics (ASEM17), 28 August–1 September, 2017, Ilsan (Seoul), Korea. Available at: http://www.i-asem.org/publication_conf/asem17/6.ES/T5F.5.ES1359_3672F1.pdf (accessed 15 March 2017).

53.

Tame

Dlugogorski

Kennedy

(2007) Formation of dioxins and furans during combustion of treated wood. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33: 384–408.

54.

Tanikawa

Managi

Lwin

(2014) Estimates of lost material stock of buildings and roads due to the great east japan earthquake and tsunami. Journal of Industrial Ecology 18: 421–431.

55.

Taylor

(2008) Sichuan’s earthquake, six months later. The Boston Globe (boston.com/The Big Picture), 26 November 2008. Available at: http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/11/sichuans_earthquake_six_months.html (accessed 24 February 2018).

56.

Trivedi

Singh

Chauhan

(2015) Analysis of key factors for waste management in humanitarian response: An interpretive structural modelling approach. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 14: 527–535.

57.

United Nations Development Programme (2013) Technical guide for debris management: The Haitian experience 2010–2012. United Nations Development Programme. Available at: http://www.ht.undp.org/content/dam/haiti/docs/reduction%20de%20la%20pauvrete/UNDP_HT_Debris-Guide%20Interactive%20EN%20Final-20130904.pdf (accessed 8 March 2018).

58.

United Nations Environment Programme (2012) Managing post-disaster debris: The Japan experience. United Nations Environment Programme, June 2012. Available at: https://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_Japan_post-tsunami_debris.pdf (accessed 4 June 2018).

59.

Uno

(2015) A study on geotechnical properties of recycled geomaterial from tsunami-related sediments. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2: 148–153.

60.

Wakabayashi

Tsai

Tabata

et al . (2017) Life cycle assessment and life cycle costs for pre-disaster waste management systems. Waste Management 68: 688–700.

61.

Xiao

Xie

Zhang

(2012) Investigation on building waste and reclaim in Wenchuan earthquake disaster area. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 61: 109–117.

62.

Yamanaka

Toyota

Hasegawa

et al . (2013) Estimation method of amount of tsunami disaster wastes during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake. International Journal of GEOMATE 4: 456–461.

63.

Yanagawa

(2016) Seawater influence monitored by NaCl on the growth of Trametes versicolor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 932–937.

64.

Yang

Chen

Liu

et al . (2014) Comparison of two large earthquakes in China: The 2008 Sichuan Wenchuan Earthquake and the 2013 Sichuan Lushan Earthquake. Natural Hazards 73: 1127–1136.