Comparison of fermented animal feed and mushroom growth media as two value-added options for waste Cassava pulp management

Abstract

Cassava is one of the main processed crops in Thailand, but this generates large amounts (7.3 million tons in 2015) of waste cassava pulp (WCP). The solid WCP is sold directly to farmers or pulp-drying companies at a low cost to reduce the burden of on-site waste storage. Using an integrated direct and environmental cost model, fermented animal feed and mushroom growth media were compared as added-value waste management alternatives for WCP to mitigate environmental problems. Primary and secondary data were collected from the literature, field data, and case studies. Data boundaries were restricted to a gate-to-gate scenario with a receiving capacity of 500 t WCP/d, and based on a new production unit being set up at the starch factory. The total production cost of each WCP utilization option was analyzed from the economic and environmental costs. Fermented animal feed was an economically attractive scenario, giving a higher net present value (NPV), lower investment cost and environmental impact, and a shorter payback period for the 10-year operational period. The selling price of mushrooms was the most sensitive parameter regarding the NPV, while the NPV for the price of fermented animal feed had the highest value in the best-case scenario.

Keywords

Tapioca fiber bagasse food starch Thailand waste recovery

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Agricultural Extension Media Development Group (2015) Introduction to mushroom cultivation. Bureau of Technology Transfer Development, Department of Agricultural Extension of Thailand.

Ahlawat

Tewari

(2007) Cultivation technology of paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea). National Research Centre for Mushrooms, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India.

Aro

Aletor

Tewe

et al . (2008) Studies on the nutritional potentials of cassava tuber wastes (CTW) collected from a factory. Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Azapagic

Emsley

Hamerton

(2003) Polymers: The Environment and Sustainable Development. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Bergerson

Lave

(2002). A Life Cycle Analysis of Electricity Generation Technologies: Health and Environmental Implications of Alternative Fuels and Technologies. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center.

Boonnop

Wanapat

Nontaso

et al . (2009) Enriching nutritive value of cassava root by yeast fermentation. Scientia Agricola 66: 629–633.

Chanu

(2017) Cultivation Technology of Paddy Straw Mushroom. Available at: http://phanomsarakham.chachoengsao.doae.go.th/.html (accessed June 2017).

Centre for Agricultural Information Office of Agricultural (2014) Export Quantity and Value of Agricultural Products 2013–2014. Thailand Foreign Agricultural Trade Statistics.

Chotikan

(2011) Low Cost Feed from Cassava Pulp. Department of Fishery, Thailand. Available at: http://www.fisheries.go.th/fpo-ubon/web2/images/download/watsadu.pdf (accessed June 2016)

10.

Curran

(2006) Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice. National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development. US Environmental Protection Agency, Ohio. Available at: http://brevard.ifas.ufl.edu/communities/pdf/chapter1_frontmatter_lca101.pdf (accessed October 2016).

11.

Department of Agricultural Extension (2015) Mushroom Production. Department of Agricultural Extension, Thailand. Available at: http://production.doae.go.th/report/report_main2.php?report_type=1 (accessed June 2016).

12.

Department of Industrial Work (2007) Nonhazardous waste, environmental industry Law. Thailand. Available at: http://www2.diw.go.th/PIC/law_01.html (accessed March 2017).

13.

Eaton

(2005a) Management Accounting Official Terminology. Wokingham, UK: CIMA Publishing Inc, p.62C.

14.

Eaton

(2005b) Management Accounting Official Terminology. Wokingham, UK: CIMA Publishing Inc, p.24C.

15.

Eksomthramate

Chaiprasert

Songkasiri

(2008). Utilization of Cassava Peels and Pulps from Tapioca Processing for Ethanol Production. Excellent Center for Waste Utilization and Management (ECoWaste), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand, pp. 80–83.

16.

European Environment Agency (2009) EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook – 2009. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency.

17.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016) Statistical Databases. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

18.

Gloria

Lippiatt

Cooper

(2007) Life cycle impact assessment weights to support environmentally preferable purchasing in the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 41: 7551–7557.

19.

Hokking

(2013) Effect of Dried Cassava Pulp on Nutrient Digestibility, Production Performance, Egg York Cholesterol and Microbial Population Change of Laying Hens. Division of Animal Production Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.

20.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006) 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Kanagawa, Japan: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/support/Primer_2006GLs.pdf (accessed June 2016).

21.

Jeankhonburi

Keeratiurai

(2016) Comparison of the value of the biogas and fuel sticks of the straw mushroom crop. The Journal of Industrial Technology: Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University 4: 62–72.

22.

Jensen

Elkington

Christiansen

et al . (1997). Life cycle assessment: a guide to approaches, experiences and information sources. Report to European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.

23.

Jovanović

(1999) Application of sensitivity analysis in investment project evaluation under uncertainty and risk. International Journal of Project Management 17: 217–222.

24.

Kaewwongsa

Paengkoum

(2011). Utilization of fermented cassava pulp by yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a protein source for meat goats. Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Production Technology Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.

25.

Khampa

Ittharat

Koatdoke

(2011) Enrichment value of yeast-malate fermented cassava pulp and cassava hay as protein source replace soybean meal in concentration on rumen ecology I crossbred native cattle. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 10: 1128–1131.

26.

Kosugi

Kondo

Ueda

et al . (2009) Production of ethanol from cassava pulp via fermentation with a surface-engineered yeast strain displaying glucoamylase. Renewable Energy 34: 1354–1358.

27.

Krainara

Phongpaichit

Suraraksa

Panichnumsin

(2011). Fermentation of Cassava Pulp using Facultative Anaerobe and Fungi (Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp.). Division of Natural Resource Management, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand.

28.

Meenongyai

Khumpeerawat

Khejornsart

(2015) Using by-products from cassava flour. King Mongkut’s Agricultural Journal 30: 23–31.

29.

Oboh

Akindahunsi

(2003) Chemical changes in cassava peels fermented with mixed culture of Aspergillus niger and two species of Lactobacillus integrated biosystem. African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 63–68.

30.

Oboh

Elusiyan

(2007) Changes in the nutrient and anti-nutrient content of micro-fungi fermented cassava flour produced from low- and medium-cyanide variety of cassava tubers. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 2150–2157.

31.

Office of Agricultural Economics (2015) Agricultural Statistics of Thailand 2014. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Agricultural Statistics Document, 13.

32.

Okrathok

Khempaka

(2013) Effect of Using Aspergillus Oeyzae Fermented Cassava Pulp as Feed in Laying Hens. Animal Production Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.

33.

Pandey

Soccol

Nigam

et al . (2000) Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. II: cassava bagasse. Bioresource Technology 74: 81–87.

34.

Panichnumsin

Nopharatana

Ahring

et al . (2010). Production of methane by co-digestion of cassava pulp with various concentrations of pigmanure, Biomass Bioenergy 34: 1117–1124.

35.

Parthanadee

Buddhakulsomsiri

Khompatraporn

et al . C2009 Full report of Supply Chain and Logistics Management for Cassava Products in Thailand. Kasetsart University, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Office of Higher Education Commission.

36.

Phetphichit Mushroom Farm (2016) Straw mushroom cultivation from palm shell as supporting material. Thailand. Available at: http://www.phetphichit.com/article_mushroom_5_2.php (accessed October 2016).

37.

Pyle

Solomon

Wuebbles

et al . (1992) Ozone depletion and chlorine loading potentials. Chapter 6 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991. World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report. Available at: http://www.ciesin.org/docs/011-551/011-551.html (accessed October 2016).

38.

Rattanachomsri

Tanapongpipat

Eurwilaichitr

et al . (2009) Simultaneous non-thermal saccharification of cassava pulp by multi-enzyme activity and ethanol fermentation by Candida tropicalis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 107: 488–493.

39.

Sirisan1

Pattarajinda1

Vichitphan

et al . (2013) Isolation, identification and growth determination of lactic acid-utilizing yeasts from the ruminal fluid of dairy cattle, Applied Microbiology 57: 102–107.

40.

Solomon

Wuebbles

Isaksen

et al . (1995) Ozone depletion potentials, global warming potentials, and future chlorine/bromine loading. Scientific assessment of ozone depletion: 1994, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 37. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization.

41.

Sriroth

Chollakup

Chotineeranat

et al . (2000) Processing of cassava waste for improved biomass utilization. Bioresource Technology 71: 63–69.

42.

Suksombat

Lounglawan

(2013) Increasing Protein Content in Cassava Pulp and Cassava Peel Using Microorganisms. Animal Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.

43.

Sunato

Pattarajinda

Lowilai

et al . (2015) Effect of yeast fermented ethanol waste on feed utilization and digestion in dairy cattle. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 14: 465–473.

44.

Udchachon

Angon

Wongpanich

et al . (2015) Effect of using yeast fermented cassava pulp replace concentrate feed on growth performance and carcass characteristic of Kabinburi beef cattle. Khon Kaen Agricultural Journal 43: 44–49.

45.

Uyeno

Shigemori

Shimosato

(2015) Effect of probiotics/prebiotics on cattle health and productivity. Microbes and Environments 30: 126–132.

46.

Virunanon

Ouephanit

Burapatana

et al . (2013) Cassava pulp enzymatic hydrolysis process as a preliminary step in bio-alcohols production from waste starchy resources. Journal of Cleaner Production 39: 273–279.

47.

Wattanachaisalekul

Srinophakun

(2001) The production of animal feed from cassava waste by using rotating drum bioreactor. Research and Development Journal 12: 65–69.

48.

Wenzel

Hauschild

Alting

(1997) Environmental Assessment of Products. Volume 1: Methodology, Tools and Case Studies in Product Development. New York, NY: Springer.

49.

Yimmongkol

Jattupornpong

(2007) Utilization of Dried Cassava Pulp for Animal Feed: Fully Integrated Cassava Pulp Utilization. Suwanvajokkasikij Animal Research and Development Institute, Thailand. Available at: http://www.rdi.ku.ac.th/kufair50/animal/11_2_animal/11_2animal.html (accessed June 2016).

50.

Yimmongkol

Jatipornpong

(2010) Cassava pulp for animal feed. Research and Development Center, Department of Livestock. Kasetsart University, Thailand.

51.

Yotharin

Wachirapakorn

Yuangklang

et al . (2013) Effect of amino acids supplementation in total mixed ration used cassava pulp on feed intake, digestibility, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Mahanakorn Veterinary Medicine 8: 53–69.