The first aim of this work is the definition and the study of a suitable sampling method for the measurement of landfill gas (LFG) emissions from landfill surfaces, since, up to now, there are no codified nor universally accepted sampling methods for this specific task. The studied sampling method is based on the use of a static hood. The research work involves a preliminary theoretical study for the hood design, experimental tests for the definition of the optimal sampling procedures, and simulations of the hood fluid-dynamics for the system validation. The second aim of this study is the investigation of the correlations between LFG emissions and meteorological conditions, whose identification would be very useful in terms of effective landfill management and pollution control. This involved a wide literature study for the selection of those parameters that seem to have an influence on LFG emission, and the collection of a great number of experimental data on a target site, which led to the conclusion that atmospheric pressure and soil humidity are the parameters that mostly affect LFG emissions.
AbichouTChantonJPowelsonDet al. (2006) Methane flux and oxidation at two types of intermediate landfill covers. Waste Management26: 1305–1312.
2.
AlexanderABurklinCSingletonA (2005) Landfill Gas Emissions Model (LandGEM) Version 3.02 User’s Guide, US-EPA-600/R-05/047.
3.
BabilotteALagierTFianiEet al. (2010) Fugitive methane emissions from landfills: Field comparison of five methods on a French landfill. Journal of Environmental Management136: 777–784.
4.
BognerJSpokasKBurtonEet al. (1995) Landfills as atmospheric methane sources and sinks. Chemosphere9: 4119–4130.
5.
BörjessonGDanielssonÄSvenssonBH (2000) Methane fluxes from a Swedish landfill determined by geostatistical treatment of static chamber measurements. Environmental Science & Technology34: 4044–4050.
6.
BörjessonGSundhISvenssonBH (2004) Microbial oxidation of CH4 at different temperatures in landfill cover soils. FEMS Microbiology Ecology48: 305–312.
7.
CapelliLSironiSDel RossoRet al. (2008) A comparative and critical evaluation of odour assessment methods on a landfill site. Atmospheric Environment42: 7050–7058.
8.
CapelliLSironiSDel RossoR (2013) Odor sampling: Techniques and strategies for the estimation of odor emission rates from different source types. Sensors13: 938–955.
9.
CardelliniCChiodiniGFrondiniFet al. (2003) Accumulation chamber measurements of methane fluxes: Application to volcanic-geothermal areas and landfills. Applied Geochemistry18: 45–54.
10.
DavoliEGangaiMLMorselliLet al. (2003) Characterization of odorants emissions from landfills by SPME and GC/MS. Chemosphere51: 357–368.
11.
Di TrapaniDDi BellaGVivianiG (2013) Uncontrolled methane emissions from a MSW landfill surface: Influence of landfill features and side slopes. Waste Management33: 2108–2115.
12.
EinolaJKMKettunenRHRintalaJA (2007) Responses of methane oxidation to temperature and water content in cover soil of a boreal landfill. Soil Biology & Biochemistry39: 1156–1164.
13.
FrechenFBFreyMWettMet al. (2004) Aerodynamic performance of a low-speed wind tunnel. Water Science and Technology50: 57–64.
14.
GebertJRachorIGröngröftAet al. (2011) Temporal variability of soil gas composition in landfill covers. Waste Management31: 935–945.
15.
HudsonNAyokoGA (2008) Odour sampling 2. Comparison of physical and aerodynamic characteristics of sampling devices: A review. Bioresource Technology99: 3993–4007.
16.
KlenbuschMR (1986) Measurement of gaseous emission rates from land surfaces using an emission isolation flux chamber (User’s guide. No. PB-86-223161/XAB). Austin, TX: Radian Corporation.
17.
KumarSGaikwadSAShekdarAVet al. (2004) Estimation method for national methane emission from solid waste landfills. Atmospheric Environment38: 3481–3487.
18.
LiuYLuWLiDet al. (2015) Estimation of volatile compounds emission rates from the working face of a large anaerobic landfill in China using a wind tunnel system. Atmospheric Environment111: 213–221.
19.
LucernoniFCapelliLSironiS (2017) Comparison of different approaches for the estimation of odour emissions from landfill surfaces. Waste Management63: 345–353.
20.
LucernoniFRizzottoMTapparoFet al. (2016a) Use of CFD for static sampling hood design: An example for methane flux assessment on landfill surfaces. Chemosphere163: 259–269.
21.
LucernoniFTapparoFCapelliLet al. (2016b) Evaluation of an odour emission factor (OEF) to estimate odour emissions from landfill surfaces. Atmospheric Environment144: 87–99.
22.
McBainMWarlandJMcBrideRet al. (2005) Micrometeorological measurements of N2O and CH4 emissions from a municipal solid waste landfill. Waste Management & Research23: 409–419.
23.
MosherBCzepielPHarrissR (1999) Methane emissions at nine landfill sites in the northeastern United States. Environmental Science & Technology33: 2088–2094.
24.
PalmiottoMFattoreEPaianoVet al. (2014) Influence of a municipal solid waste landfill in the surrounding environment: Toxicological risk and odor nuisance effects. Environment International68: 16–24.
25.
ParkJWShinHC (2001) Surface emissions of landfill gas from solid waste landfill. Atmospheric Environment35: 3445–3451.
26.
ParkerDHamJWoodburyBet al. (2013) Standardization of flux chamber and wind tunnel flux measurements for quantifying volatile organic compound and ammonia emissions from area sources at animal feeding operations. Atmospheric Environment66: 72–83.
27.
PrataAAJrSantosJMBeghiSPet al. (2016) Dynamic flux chamber measurements of hydrogen sulphide emission rate from a quiescent surface – A computational evaluation. Chemosphere146: 426–434.
28.
RachorIMGebertJGrongroftAet al. (2013) Variability of methane emissions from an old landfill over different time-scales. European Journal of Soil Science64: 16–26.
29.
ReinhartDRCooperDCWalkerBL (1992) Flux chamber design and operation for the measurement of municipal solid waste landfill gas emission rates. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association42: 1067–1070.
30.
RenouSGivaudanJGPoulainSet al. (2008) Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. Journal of Hazardous Materials150: 468–493.
31.
RomainACDelvaJNicolasJ (2008) Complementary approaches to measure environmental odours emitted by landfill areas. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical131: 18–23.
32.
SarkarUHobbsSH (2002) Odour from municipal waste (MSW)landfills: A study of the analysis of perception. Environment International27: 655–662.
33.
ScheutzCKjeldsenPBognerJEet al. (2009) Microbial methane oxidation processes and technologies for mitigation of landfill gas emissions. Waste Management & Research27: 409–455.
34.
SchrothMHEugsterWGómezKEet al. (2012) Above- and below-ground methane fluxes and methanotrophic activity in a landfill-cover soil. Waste Management32: 879–889.
35.
SimpsonIJThurtellGWKiddGEet al. (1995) Tunable diode laser measurements of methane fluxes from an irrigated rice paddy field in the Philippines. Journal of Geophysical Research100: 7283–7290.
36.
SiriniPTchobanoglousGNoto La DiegaRC (2010) Ingegneria dei Rifiuti Solidi. The McGraw-Hill Companies: Milan, chapter 15.
37.
SironiSCapelliLCentolaPet al. (2005) Odour emission factors for assessment and prediction of Italian MSW landfills odour impact. Atmospheric Environment39: 5387–5394.
38.
SpokasKABognerJE (2011) Limits and dynamics of methane oxidation in landfill cover soils. Waste Management31: 823–832.
39.
SpokasKGraffCMorcetMet al. (2003) Implications of the spatial variability of landfill emission rates on geospatial analyses. Waste Management23: 599–607.
40.
UK Environment Agency (UK EA) (2010) Guidance on monitoring landfill gas surface emissions. Almondsbury, Bristol, UK: UK EA.
41.
YoungPJParkerA (1983) The identification and possible environmental impact of trace gases and vapours in landfill gas. Waste Management and Research1: 213–226.
