Metallurgical slags are by-products of the iron and steel industry and are subdivided into blast furnace slag and steel slag according to the different steel-producing processes. In Greece, slags are mostly produced from steelmaking using the electric arc furnace process, and subsequently are either disposed in a random way or utilized by the cement industry. Steel slag has been recently used, worldwide, as hard aggregates in wearing courses in order to improve the skidding resistance of asphalt pavements. At the Highway Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki research has been carried out in the field of steel slags, and especially in electric arc furnace (EAF) slag, to evaluate their possible use in highway engineering. In this paper, the recent results of anti-skidding performance of steel slag aggregates in highway pavements are presented.
Akinmusuru, J. (1991) Potential beneficial uses of steel slag wastes for civil engineering purposes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 5, 73-80.
2.
ASA (Australasian Slag Association) (1999) A Guide to the Use of Steel Furnace Slag in Asphalt and thin Bituminous Surfacings . ASA, Australia.
3.
ASA (Australasian Slag Association) (2002) A Guide to the Use of Iron and Steel Slag in Roads. ASA , Australia.
4.
Collins, R. & Ciesielski, S. (1994) Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-products in Highway Construction. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 199. National Academy Press, Washington, USA.
5.
Dolgorukov, Y.u.A. (1991) Ways of increasing the recycling of metallurgical wastes. Metallurgist, 34, 91-96.
6.
Euroslag (The European Slag Association) ( 2000) Legal Status of Slags. The European Slag Association, Position Paper.
7.
Fallman, A. & Hartlen, J. (1996) Utilisation of electric arc furnace steel slag in road construction. In: Kamon, M. (ed.): Environmental Geotechnics, pp. 703-708. Balkema, Rotterdam.
8.
Geiseler, J. (1996) Use of steelworks slag in Europe. Waste Management, 16, 59-63.
9.
Hunt, L. (2000) Steel Slag in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete. Final Report, Oregon. Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon, USA.
10.
Huang, Y., Bird, R. & Heidrich, O. (2007) A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements. Resources, Conservation & Recycling , 52, 58-73.
11.
Jayawickrama, P.W., Prasanna, R. & Senadheera, S.P. (1996) Survey of State Practices to Control Skid Resistance on Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Pavements. TRB 1536, pp. 52-58. Transportation Research Board Journal, Washington, USA.
12.
Jones, N.C. (2000). The successful use of electric arc furnace slag in asphalt. In: Proc. 2nd European Slag Conference , Dusseldorf, Germany, pp. 111-121.
13.
Joost, M. (2002). The utilization of steel slag in waterway construction . In: Proc. 3rd European Slag Conference, Keyworth, UK, pp. 107- 117.
14.
Kriech, A. & Robinson, D. (2003) Steel slag asphalt: pavement of the future. In: Proc. ISSTech 2003 Conference Proceedings, pp. 627-637. Indianapolis, USA.
15.
Motz, H. (2000) The European Standardisation of slags. In Proc. 2nd European Slag Conference, Dusseldorf, Germany, pp. 151-162.
16.
Motz H. and Geiseler, J. (2001) Products of steel slags an opportunity to save natural resources. Waste Management, 21, 285-293.
17.
Motz, H. (2002) Production and use of air-cooled blastfurnace and steel slags. In: Proc. 3rd European Slag Conference , Keyworth, UK, pp. 7-20.
18.
Mouratidis, A. (1992) Alternative Materials in Road Construction. Technical Report for the SPRINT RA/183 Project. Greece.
19.
National Slag Association (1984) Steel Slag Utilization in Asphalt Mixes. Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
20.
National Slag Association (2003) Iron and Steel Making Slag - Environmentally Responsible Construction Aggregates . Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
21.
National Slag Association (2005) Steel Furnace Slag SMA Mix Proves to be "The World's Strongest Intersection" . Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
22.
Noureldin, A. & McDaniel, R. (1989) Evaluation of Surface Mixtures of Steel Slag and Asphalt. TRR 1269. Transportation Research Board Journal, Washington, USA.
23.
Prapidis, A. & Doulis, G. (2005) Use of slag in skid resistant asphalt mixes based on mechanical and environmental criteria. In: Proc. 5th International Exhibition & Conference on Environmental Technology , Athens, Greece.
24.
Proctor, D., Fehling, K., Shay, E., Wittenborn, J. & Green, J. (2000) Physical and chemical characteristics of blast furnace, basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace steel industry slags . Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 1576-1582.
25.
Rai, A., Prabakar, J., Rayu, C. & Morchalle, R. (2002) Metallurgical slag as a component in blended cement . Construction and Building Materials, 16, 489-494.
26.
Reijnders, L. (2000) A normative strategy for sustainable resource choice and recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 28, 121-133.
27.
Roe, P.G. & Hartshorne, S.A. (1998) The Polished Stone Value of Aggregates and In-service Skidding Resistance. TRL Report 322. Transportation Research Board Journal, Washington, USA.
28.
Shen, H. & Forssberg, E. (2003) An overview of recovery of metals from slags. Waste Management, 23, 933-949.
29.
Sherwood, P. (2001) Alternative Materials in Road Construction. Thomas Telford Publishing, London.
30.
Shij, C. (2004) Steel slag - its production, processing, characteristics and cementious properties. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering , ASCE, May/June, 230-236.
31.
Stock, A. & Ibberson, C. (1975) Skidding Characteristics of Pavement Surfaces Incorporating Steel Slag Aggregates. TRR 1545. Transportation Research Board Journal, Washington, USA.
32.
Tilton, J. (1996) Exhaustible resources and sustainable development . Two different paradigms. Resources Policy, 22, 91-97.
33.
Tuefekci, M.& Demirbas, A. (1997) Evaluation of steel furnace slags as cement additives . Cement and Concrete Research, 27, 1713-1717.
34.
Ziemkiewicz, P. (2002) Use of steel slag for treatment of acid mine drainage . In: Proc. 3rd European Slag Conference, Keyworth, UK, pp. 167-182.
