This is the third in a sequence of articles discussing the state-of-the art of correctional management. In prior works, the management of corrections has been viewed as having failed organizations, staffs, clients, and communities. The reasons for such failure have been attributed to such factors as lack of goals and objectives, no clear body of knowledge upon which to base mission, political naivete, bureaucratization, and no acceptable outside referent group for the establishment of standards or practice. In this article, additional reasons for failure are delineated, including administrative strains, changing goals, diminished resources, defensive strategies, desire for professionalization, poor adaptive responses, and career protection. The future of correctional management is not seen as likely to improve without substantial changes in managerial outlook, abilities, and skills.
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