This study examines age-related variation in the roles performed by volunteers in hospice pro
grams. Volunteers of varying age groupings display much similarity in their motivations for vol
unteering, how they learned about the opportunity to serve, the levels of satisfaction experienced
from serving, and various measures of retention. The age of the volunteer significantly influ
enced the roles they performed at the hospice. Significantly more younger volunteers provide
direct patient care services; and significantly more older volunteers provide both clerical and
fund-raising services. Implications for future research and recruitment and retention of hospice
volunteers are discussed.
Amenta, M.
(1984). Traits of hospice nurses compared with those who work in traditional settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 40, 414-420.
3.
Bell, V.
(1990). Tapping an unlimited resource: Building volunteer programs for patients and, their families. In N. L. Mace (Ed.), Dementia care: Patient, family, and community (pp.321-334). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
4.
Bembry, J.X.
(1996). The impact of volunteer coordinators on volunteer programs: An evaluation of Volunteer Maryland!Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(2), 14-20.
5.
Black, B.
, & DiNitto, D. (1994). Volunteers who work with survivors of rape and battering: Motivations, acceptance, satisfaction, length of service, and gender differences. Journal of Social Service Research, 20(1/2), 73-97.
6.
Black, B.
, & Kovacs, P. (1996). Direct care and nondirect care hospice volunteers: Motivations, acceptance, satisfaction and length of service. Journal of Volunteer Administration, 14(2), 21-32.
7.
Brichacek, G.
(1988). Hospice volunteer turnover: A measure of quality assurance in the utilization of volunteers. American Journal of Hospice Care, 5(6), 32-35.
8.
Briggs, J.
(1987). Volunteer qualities: A survey of hospice volunteers . Oncology Nursing Forum, 14(1), 27-31.
9.
Caldwell, J.
, & Scott, J.P. (1994). Effective hospice volunteers: Demographic and personality characteristics. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 11(2), 40-45.
10.
Caro, F.G.
, & Bass, S.A. (1995). Dimensions of productive engagement. In S. A. Bass (Ed.), Older and active: How Americans over 55 are contributing to society (pp. 204-216). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
11.
Caty, S.
, & Tamlya, D. (1983). Hospice volunteers: A recruitment profile. Dimensions in Health Service, 60(12), 22-23.
12.
Chambre, S.M.
(1993). Volunteerism by elders: Past trends and future prospects. The Gerontologist, 33(2), 221-227.
13.
Chevrier, F.
, Steuer, R., & MacKenzie, J. (1994). Factors affecting satisfaction among community-based hospice volunteer visitors. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 11(4), 30-37.
14.
Clary, E.G.
, Snyder, M., & Stukas, A. (1996). Volunteers' motivations: Findings from a national survey. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25(4), 485-505.
15.
Cnaan, R.
, & Goldberg-Glen, R. (1991). Measuring motivation to volunteer in human services. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(3), 269-284.
16.
Department of Health and Human Services, Healthcare Financing Administration.
(1993). Medicare hospice manual . Washington, DC: Author.
17.
Ellis, S.J.
(1994). The volunteer recruitment book. Philadelphia: Energize, Inc.
18.
Field, D.
, & Johnson, I. (1993). Satisfaction and change: A survey of volunteers in a hospice organization. Social Science and Medicine, 36(12), 1625-1633.
19.
Finn Paradis, L.
, Miller, B., & Runnion, V. (1987). Volunteer stress and burnout: Issues for administrators . Hospice Journal, 3(2/3), 165-183.
20.
Finn Paradis, L.
, & Usui, W.M. (1987). Hospice volunteers: The impact of personality characteristics on retention and job performance. Hospice Journal, 3(1), 3-30.
21.
Finn Paradis, L.
, & Usui, W.M. (1989). Hospice staff and volunteers: Issues for management . Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 7(1/2), 121-140.
22.
Fischer, L.
, Mueller, D., & Cooper, P. (1991). Older volunteers: A discussion of the Minnesota senior study. The Gerontologist, 31(2), 183-194.
23.
Fischer, L.R.
, & Schaffer, K.B. (1993). Older volunteers: A guide to research and practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
24.
Geber, B.
(1991, June). Managing volunteers. Training Magazine, 21-26.
25.
Gidron, B.
(1984). Predictors of retention and turnover among service volunteer workers. Journal of Social Service Research, 8(1), 1-16.
26.
Hertzberg, F.
(1966). Work and the native of men. Cleveland, OH: World.
27.
Horton-Smith, D.
(1981). Altruism, volunteers, and volunteerism. Journal of Voluntary Action Research,10(1), 21-36.
28.
Ilsley, P.J.
(1990). Enhancing the volunteer experience. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Independent Sector. (1990). Giving and volunteering in the United States. Findings from a national survey conducted by the Gallup Organization, Washington, DC.
29.
Jirovec, R.L.
, & Hyduk, C.A. (1998). A study of volunteerism among older adults: Implications for health and policy. Journal of Gerontological Social Work , 30(3-4), 27-40.
30.
Kaplan, M.
(1993). Recruiting senior adult volunteers for intergenerational programs: Working to create a "jump on the bandwagon effect." Journal of Applied Gerontology,12(1), 71-82.
31.
Kovacs, P.
, & Black, B. (1997). Differentiating recruitment strategies for direct patient care, clerical, and fundraising volunteers. Hospice Journal, 12(4), 43-56.
32.
Laliberte, L.
, & Mor, V. (1988). The hospice volunteer. In V. Mor, D. Gier, & R. Kastenbaum (Eds.), The hospice experiment (pp.187-208). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
33.
Lamb, D.
, de St. Aubin, T., & Foster, M. (1985). Characteristics of most effective and least effective hospice volunteers: A preliminary study. American Journal of Hospice Care, 2, 42-45.
34.
Lee, A.
, & Burden, C. (1991). Volunteering activities of seniors. Journal of Volunteer Administration, 9(4), 29-35.
35.
Markey, K.
(1988). Volunteers in palliative care. In I. Ajemian & B. Mount (Eds.), The RVH manual on palliative/hospice care (pp. 522-538). Salem, NH: Ayer.
36.
Marriott Seniors Volunteerism Study.
(1991 ). Commissioned by Marriott SeniorLiving Services and the U.S . Administration on Aging, Washington, DC.
37.
Maslach, C.
(1982). The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
38.
McCurley, S.
, & Lynch, R. (1989). Essential volunteer management. The Volunteer Management Series of VM Systems.
39.
Mori, A.
(1990). Voluntary activity: A survey ofpublic attitudes . Berkhampstead, UK: Voluntary Action Research/The Volunteer Center.
40.
Morris, R.
, & Caro, F.G. (1996). Productive retirement: Stimulating greater volunteer efforts to meet national needs. Journal of Volunteer Administration , 14(2), 5-13.
41.
Morrow-Howell, N.
, Lott, L., & Ozawa, M. (1990). The impact of race on volunteers helping relationships among the elderly. Social Work, 13, 21-33.
42.
Morrow-Howell, N.
, & Mui, A. (1989). Elderly volunteers: Reason for initiating and terminating service. Journal of Gerontological Social Work ,13(3/4), 21-34.
43.
O'Reilly, P.
, & Caro, F.G. (1994). Productive aging: An overview of the literature. Journal of Aging &Social Policy, 6(3), 39-71.
44.
Patchner, M.
, & Finn, M. (1987). Volunteers: The lifeline of hospice. Omega, 18(2), 135-144.
45.
Pell, A.
(1972). Recruiting, training and motivating volunteer workers. New York: Pilot Books.
46.
Rakocy, G.
(1981). Senior volunteers: Finding and keeping them. Generations, 5, 36-37, 45.
47.
Ray, M.C.
(1997, Spring). Volunteerism in hospice: Tossing the baby with the bathwater? Hospice Magazine, 8-12.
48.
Rubin, A.
, & Thorelli, I. (1984). Egoistic motives and longevity of participation by social service volunteers. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 20(3), 223-235.
49.
Scott, J.P.
, & Caldwell, J. (1996). Needs and program strengths: Perceptions of hospice volunteers. Hospice Journal, 11(2), 19-30.
50.
Shure, R.S.
(1991). Volunteering: Continuing expansion of the definition and a practical application of altruistic motivation. Journal of Volunteer Administration, 9(4), 36-41.
51.
Siebold, D.
, Rossi, S., Berteotti, C., Soprych, S., & McQuillan, L. (1987). Volunteer involvement in a hospice care program . American Journal of Hospice Care, 4(2), 43-55.
52.
Smith, D.
(1982). Altruism, volunteers, and volunteerism. In J. Hartman (Ed.), Volunteerism in the eighties (pp.23-44). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
53.
Stallings, B.
(1992). Resource kit for managers of volunteers. Pleasanton, CA: Building Better Skills.
54.
Stevens, E.
(1991). Toward satisfaction and retention of senior volunteers . Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 16(3/4), 33-41.
55.
Thomas, A.
, & Finch, H. (1990). On volunteering: A qualitative research study of images, motivations, and experiences. Voluntary Action Research, The Volunteer Centre, Berkhampstead, UK.
56.
Wilson, M.
(1976). The effective management of volunteer programs . Boulder, CO: Volunteer Management Associates.
