Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

One in four older adults has Behavioral Health (BH) concerns, and over 63% are not receiving services. Older adults living in the community depend on the aging network for home- and community-based services and care managers are critical providers in this network. However, most care managers' current education and training are inadequate to care for older adults with BH needs. This study evaluated the effectiveness of training on the perceived self-efficacy of care managers working with older adults with BH needs. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre- and post-test approach and convenience sampling (n = 90). We found a significant difference in mean self-efficacy scores, from pre-test (M = 62.31, SD = 10.11) to post-test (M = 65.88, SD = 7.40) related to working with clients with mental health problems. In addition, we found a significant difference between the mean pre-test (M = 59.81, SD = 10.68) and post-test score (M = 65.60, SD = 9.85) related to working with clients with substance use problems.

Keywords

care manager self-efficacy behavioral health training

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

AgeSpan Elder Services . (n.d.). https://esmv.applicantpro.com/jobs/2687012.html

Bandura

(1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359

Bandura

(1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. WH Freeman.

Bandura

(2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In Pajares

Urdan

(Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307–337). Information Age Publishing.

Bandura

(2012). On the functional properties of perceived self-efficacy revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410606

Boston University-Center for Aging and Disability Education and Research (2017a). Final evaluation report from center for aging and disability education and research at Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/cader/files/2018/03/CADER-BU_MA-BH-2017_Final-Report_1.30.18.pdf

Boston University-Center for Aging and Disability Education and Research (2017b). Final report New York state case management certificate program 2016- 2017. New york behavioral health certificate program. http://www.bu.edu/cader/files/2018/03/BU-CADER_NY-CM-and-BH-Training-Programs-2016-2017-Report-1.22.18.pdf

Boston University- Center for Aging and Disability Education and Research (2017c). Prevention and identification of behavioral health issues in older adults: Skill development among clergy members. http://www.bu.edu/cader/files/2017/11/Clergy-Pilot-Results_Final-Report_2017.pdf

Brown

M. T.

Wolf

D. A.

(2018). Estimating the prevalence of serious mental illness and dementia diagnoses among medicare beneficiaries in the health and retirement study. Research on Aging, 40(7), 668–686. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027517728554

10.

Byers

A. L.

Arean

P. A.

Yaffe

(2012). Low use of mental health services among older Americans with mood and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services, 63(1), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100121

11.

Case Management Society of America . (n.d.). What is case management? https://cmsa.org/who-we-are/what-is-a-case-manager/

12.

Consiglio

Borgogni

Di Tecco

Schaufeli

W. B.

(2016). What makes employees engaged with their work. Career Development International, 21(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-03-2015-0045

13.

Crawford

(2021). Transgender nursing considerations: Does a targeted educational practice intervention improve self-efficacy in nurses. https://ezproxy.simmons.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.ezproxy.simmons.edu/dissertations-theses/transgender-nursing-considerations-does-targeted/docview/2526065645/se-2?accountid=13870

14.

Dziuba

C. D.

Hartman

Moskal

(2004) Blended learning (7, pp. 1–11). Educause Center for Applied Research.

15.

Everett

(2019). Bringing awareness to the mental health of older adults. SAMHSA. https://blog.samhsa.gov/2019/05/20/bringing-awareness-to-the-mental-health-of-older-adults

16.

Executive Office of Elder Affairs . (2018-2021). State plan on aging. http://www.advancingstates.org/sites/default/files/Massachusetts_MAStatePlanonAging2018-2021Approved.pdf

17.

Faul

Erdfelder

Buchner

Lang

A. G.

(2013). G*Power Version 3.1.9.4 [computer software]. Uiversität Kiel. http://www.psychologie.hhu.de/arbeitsgruppen/allgemeine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie/gpower.html

18.

Field

(2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed.). Sage.

19.

Flaherty

Bartels

S.J.

(2019). Addressing the community-based geriatric healthcare workforce shortage by leveraging the potential of interprofessional teams. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(S2), S400–S408. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15924

20.

Hinrichsen

G. A.

Emery-Tiburcio

E. E.

Gooblar

Molinari

V. A.

(2018). Building foundational knowledge competencies in professional geropsychology: Council of professional geropsychology training programs (CoPGTP) recommendations. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 25(2), e12236. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12236

21.

Institute of Medicine . (2012). The mental health and substance use workforce for older adults: In whose hands? The National Academies Press. http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/∼/media/Files/ReportFiles/2012/The-Mental-Health-and-Substance-Use-Workforce-for-Older-Adults/MHSU_olderadults_RB_FINAL.pdf

22.

Jiang

Wang

(2018). Career adaptability and plateaus: The moderating effects of tenure and job self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.10.006

23.

Joo

J. H.

Jimenez

D. E.

Park

(2019). Perspectives on training needs for geriatric mental health providers: Preparing to serve a diverse older adult population. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(7), 728–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2019.03.015

24.

Kenney

Newcombe

(2011). Adopting a blended learning approach: Challenges encountered and lessons learned in an action research study. Online Learning, 15(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v15i1.182

25.

King

Le Bas

Spooner

(2000). The impact of caseload on the personal efficacy of mental health case managers. Psychiatric Services, 51(3), 364–368. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.51.3.364

26.

Kułak-Bejda

Bejda

Waszkiewicz

(2021). Mental disorders, cognitive impairment and the risk of suicide in older adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(August), 695286. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695286

27.

Kunik

M. E.

Mills

W. L.

Amspoker

A. B.

Cully

J. A.

Kraus-Schuman

Stanley

Wilson

N. L.

(2017). Expanding the geriatric mental health workforce through utilization of non-licensed providers. Aging & Mental Health, 21(9), 954–960. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1186150

28.

Lehmann

S. W.

Brooks

W. B.

Popeo

Wilkins

K. M.

Blazek

M. C.

(2017). Development of geriatric mental health learning objectives for medical students: A response to the institute of medicine 2012 report. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(10), 1041–1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.05.006

29.

Levene

(1960). Contributions to probability and statistics. Essays in Honor of Harold Hotelling, 278–292.

30.

Little

T. D.

Chang

Gorrall

B. K.

Waggenspack

Fukuda

Allen

P. J.

Noam

G. G.

(2020). The retrospective pretest–posttest design redux: On its validity as an alternative to traditional pretest–posttest measurement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 44(2), 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025419877973

31.

Maresova

Javanmardi

Barakovic

Barakovic Husic

Tomsone

Krejcar

Kuca

(2019). Consequences of chronic diseases and other limitations associated with old age – a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1431. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7762-5

32.

Mass.Gov . (2022). Executive Office of elder Affairs. Aging services access points (ASAP). https://www.mass.gov/service-details/aging-services-access-points-asap

33.

Mathieu

J. E.

Martineau

J. W.

Tannenbaum

S. I.

(2006). Individual and situational influences on the development of self-efficacy: Implications for training effectiveness. Personnel Psychology, 46(1), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1993.tb00870.x

34.

McPherson

Barnett

(2006). Beginning practice in child protection: A blended learning approach. Social Work Education, 25(2), 192–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470500487838

35.

Mencl

Tay

Schwoerer

C. E.

Drasgow

(2012). Evaluating quantitative and qualitative types of change: An analysis of the malleability of general and specific self-efficacy constructs and measures. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19(3), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812442968

36.

Mickan

Hilder

Wenke

Thomas

(2019). The impact of a small-group educational intervention for allied health professionals to enhance evidence-based practice: Mixed methods evaluation. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1567-1

37.

Mongelli

Georgakopoulos

Pato

M. T.

(2020). Challenges and opportunities to meet the mental health needs of underserved and disenfranchised populations in the United States. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 18(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.20190028

38.

Moon

Hyun

H. S.

(2019). Nursing students’ knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy in blended learning of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1848-8

39.

Muttillo

(2019). Mental health care needs of older adults are growing and the system needs to change to meet increasing needs. https://www.communitysolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Issue-Brief_Older-Adults-and-Mental-Health_10282019.pdf

40.

Mystic Valley Elder Services . (n.d.). https://mves.applicantpro.com/jobs/2702150.html

41.

Pan American Health Organization . (n.d.). Seniors and mental health. https://www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9877:seniors-mental-health&Itemid=0&lang=en#gsc.tab=0

42.

Roberts

A. W.

Ogunwole

S. U.

Blakeslee

Rabe

M. A.

(2018). The population 65 years and older in the United States: 2016. American Community Survey Reports, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/acs/ACS-38.pdf

43.

Roval

Jordan

(2004). Blended learning and sense of community: A comparative analysis with traditional and fully online graduate courses. International Review of Research In Open and Distance Learning. http://www.irrodl.org/content/v5.2/rovai-jordan.html

44.

Salas

Tannenbaum

S. I.

Kraiger

Smith-Jentsch

K. A.

(2012). The science of training and development in organizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest: A Journal of the American Psychological Society, 13(2), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436661

45.

Satiani

Niedermier

Satiani

Svendsen

D. P.

(2018). Projected workforce of psychiatrists in the United States: A population analysis. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 69(6), 710–713. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700344

46.

Shadish

Cook

T.D.

Campbell

D.T (

(2002). Experiment and quasi-experimental designs for generalization of causal inference. Houghton Mifflin Company.

47.

Springwell Elder Services . (n.d.). https://springwell.applicantpro.com/jobs/2705699.html

48.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . (2019). Older adults living with serious mental illness: The state of the behavioral health workforce. https://store.samhsa.gov/product/Older-Adults-Living-with-Serious-Mental-Illness-The-State-of-the-Behavioral-Health-Workforce/PEP19-OLDERADULTS-SMI

49.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and Health Resources and Services Administration (2016). Growing older: Providing integrated care for an aging population. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 16-4982 https://store.samhsa.gov/system/files/sma16-4982.pdf

50.

Sullivan

K. R.

Mahalik

J. R.

(2000). Increasing career self-efficacy for women: Evaluating a group intervention. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb02560.x

51.

Tilly

(2016). Promoting community living for older adults who need long-term services and support. Center for Policy and Evaluation Administration for Community Living. https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/triage/Issue-Brief-Promoting-Community-Living.pdf

52.

Tsuei

(2017). Learning behaviours of low-achieving children’s mathematics learning in using of helping tools in a synchronous peer-tutoring system. Interactive Learning Environments, 25(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2016.1276078

53.

United States Census Bureau . (2020). 65 and older population grows rapidly as baby Boomers age. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2020/65-older-population-grows.html

54.

United States Census Bureau . (2020). Quick facts Massachusetts. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MA

55.

Vermillion

A. S.

(2019). Perceived self-efficacy and psychomotor skill mastery: A quantitative, quasi-experimental study comparing instructional methodologies (order No. 27735659). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://ezproxy.simmons.edu/login

56.

Wah

Y. B.

Razali

N. M.

(2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics , 2(November), 21–33.

Care Managers in the Aging Network: Increasing Self-Efficacy in Human Service Providers

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References