This study aimed to examine how intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job satisfaction affect home care workers’ intention to stay and determine whether ageist behaviors moderate the relation between job satisfaction and intention to stay.
Method:
We recruited 380 participants to complete measures of job satisfaction, ageist behaviors, and intention to stay.
Results:
Monthly wages, extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and positive and negative ageist behaviors were significantly related to home care workers’ retention. Both positive and negative ageist behaviors negatively moderated the relation between job satisfaction and retention.
Conclusion:
Home care workers’ retention may be increased by providing reasonable extrinsic rewards and enhancing the intrinsic nature of the job itself. Reducing negative ageist behaviors and increasing positive ones for those with low job satisfaction could be related to higher retention. The harmful effects of positive behaviors should be addressed. These findings could contribute to workforce retention in long-term care.
AkintolaO.ChikokoG. (2016). Factors influencing motivation and job satisfaction among supervisors of community health workers in marginalized communities in South Africa. Human Resources for Health, 14, Article 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-016-0151-6
2.
AsaariM. H. A. H.DesaN. M.SubramaniamL. (2019). Influence of salary, promotion, and recognition toward work motivation among government trade agency employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n4p48
3.
BaronR. M.KennyD. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4.
Ben-HarushA.Shiovitz-EzraS.DoronI.AlonS.LeibovitzA.GolanderH.HaronY.AyalonL. (2017). Ageism among physicians, nurses, and social workers: Findings from a qualitative study. European Journal of Ageing, 14(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-016-0389-9.
5.
BerridgeC.TylerD. A.MillerS. C. (2018). Staff empowerment practices and CNA retention: Findings from a nationally representative nursing home culture change survey. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 37(4), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464816665204.
ChasteenA. L.Pichora-FullerM. K.DupuisK.SmithS.SinghG. (2015). Do negative views of aging influence memory and auditory performance through self-perceived abilities?Psychology and Aging, 30(4), 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039723
8.
CherryK. E.PalmoreE. B. (2008). Relating to older people evaluation (ROPE): A measure of self-reported ageism. Educational Gerontology, 34(10), 849–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802042099
9.
ChiM. J.ShyuM. L.WangS. Y.ChuangH. C.ChuangY. H. (2016). Nursing students’ willingness to care for older adults in Taiwan. Journal Nursing Scholarship, 48(2), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12197
10.
ChiatL. C.PanatikS. A. (2019). Perceptions of employee turnover intention by Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory: A systematic literature review. Journal of Research in Psychology, 1(2), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.31580/jrp.v1i2.949
11.
ChonodyJ. M.TeaterB. (2016). Why do I dread looking old?: A test of social identity theory, terror management theory, and the double standard of aging. Journal Women Aging, 28(2), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2014.950533
12.
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. (2019). Earnings Exploration and Information System in Taiwan. https://earnings.dgbas.gov.tw/
13.
FeldmanP. H.RyvickerM.EvansL. M.BarrónY. (2019). The homecare aide workforce initiative: Implementation and outcomes. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 38, 253–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464817707298
14.
GendronT.WellefordE. A.PelcoL.MyersB. J. (2016). Who is likely to commit to a career with older adults?Gerontology & Geriatric Education, 37, 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2014.954042
15.
HalldorsdottirS.EinarsdottirE. J.EdvardssonI. R. (2017). Effects of cutbacks on motivating factors among nurses in primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 32, 397–406. https://doi.org/10.111/scs.12474
16.
HerzbergF.MausnerB.SnydermannB. (1959). The motivation to work. John Wiley.
17.
HiritaH. (2018). Ageism and perceptions on restraint use among Japanese undergraduate nursing students: A longitudinal study. Innovation in Aging, 2(Suppl. 1), 654. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.2440
18.
Holston-OkaeB. L.MushiR. J. (2018). Employee turnover in the hospitality industry using Herzberg’s Two-Factor Motivation-Hygiene theory. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(1), 218–248. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i1/3778
19.
HusseinS. (2017). “We don’t do it for the money” . . . The scale and reasons of poverty-pay among frontline long-term care workers in England. Health and Social Care in the Community, 25, 1817–1826. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12455
20.
IecovichE. (2016). Live-in care workers in sheltered housing for older adults in Israel: The new sheltered housing law. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 28, 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.1162657
21.
IecovichE.Iecovich-TishlerV. (2015). Support for formal caregivers. In PrilutzkyD.CohenM. (Eds.), Practical gerontology (pp. 319–354). Joint-Eshel. [In Hebrew]
22.
JangY.LeeA. A.ZadroznyM.BaeS. H.KimM. T.MartiN. C. (2017). Determinants of job satisfaction and turnover intent in home health worker: The role of job demands and resources. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 36(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464815586059
23.
KeefeJ. M.KnightL.MatthewsA. M.LégaréJ. (2011). Key issues in human resource planning for home support workers in Canada. Work, 40(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.3222/WORK-2011-1203
24.
KimS.PriceJ.MuellerC.WatsonT. (1996). The determinants of career intent among physicians at a U.S. Air Force hospital. Human Relations, 49(7), 947–976.
25.
KimY.KimC. (2017). Impact of job characteristics on turnover intention and the mediating effects of job satisfaction: Experiences of home visiting geriatric care workers in Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work & Development, 27(2), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185385.2017.1331459.
26.
LawK.PattersonT. G.MuersJ. (2019). Experiences of healthcare assistants working with clients with dementia in residential care homes. Dementia, 18, 644–659. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301216688396
27.
LeeJ.YuH.ChoH. H.KimM.W.YangS. (2020). Ageism between Medical and Preliminary Medical Persons in Korea. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 24(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.19.0043
28.
LinY. Y.HuangC. H. (2016). Aging in Taiwan: Building a society for active aging and aging in place. The Gerontologist, 56(2), 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv107
29.
MejiaM.HymanS. M.BehbahaniS.Farrell-TurnerK. (2018). Death anxiety and ageist attitudes are related to trainees’ interest in working with older adults. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 39(3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2016.1247063
MorganJ. C.DillJ.KallebergA. L. (2013). The quality of healthcare jobs: Can intrinsic rewards compensate for low extrinsic rewards?Work, Employment & Society, 27(5), 802–822.
33.
PalmoreE. B. (1999). Ageism: Negative and positive (2nd ed). Springer.
34.
ParveenM. (2015). Healthcare industry in Saudi Arabia: Demographic effect on job satisfaction and retention. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(9), 78–88.
35.
Shinan-AltmanS.RiabzevA.AyalonL. (2019). Mixed motivations to provide formal care to older adults: Lessons from a training program. International Psychogeriatric, 31, 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000868
36.
Shinan-AltmanS.SoskolneV.AyalonL. (2019). Becoming a home care worker: Job-seekers’ push and pull factors. Research on Aging, 42, 62–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027519886176
37.
VauclairC. M.HankeK.HuangL. L.AbramsD. (2017). Are Asian cultures really less ageist than Western ones? It depends on the questions asked. International Journal of Psychology, 52(2), 136–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12292
38.
WazirM.LeiW. (2019). Confucius and Chinese philosophical impact on modern Korea and Japan. Social Sciences, 8(6), 299–302. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20190806.11
39.
WealeV.WellsY.OakmanJ. (2017). Flexible working arrangements in residential aged care: Applying a person-environment fit model. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55, 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744–7941
40.
WeissD. J.DawisR. V.EnglandG. W.LofquistL. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (Vol. 22, Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
