To identify the most frequent cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) in Brazilian participants. Sample of 113 individuals aged 80 to 95 years (83.4 + 2.9 years), of both sexes, from Presidente Prudente, São Paulo state. Waist circumference (WC), body mass index, percentage of total body fat (% BF), hypertension, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and glucose were used for characterization of risk factors. The chi-square test was used to assess proportions of risk factors and Student’s t test to compare the results between the sexes. High prevalence of risk factor was observed, mainly hypertension (67.3%) and % BF (79.6%). Male participants presented higher weight, height, and WC (p < .001), and female participants, higher TC and % BF (p < .001). Only 7.1% of male and 4.2% of female participants showed no risk factors, and 71.3% of male and 85.9% of female participants had three or more. The participants presented a high prevalence of CRFs, particularly percentage of body fat and hypertension, and, in addition, female participants also presented TC.
AgrawalG.ArokiasamyP. (2010). Morbidity prevalence and health care utilization among older adults in India. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 29(2), 155-179.
2.
BardachS. H.SchoenbergN. E.TarasenkoY. N.FlemingS. T. (2010). Rural residents’ perspectives on multiple morbidity management and disease prevention. Journal of Applied Gerontology. doi:10.1177/0733464810378106
3.
BarbosaA. R.BorgattoA. F. (2010). Arterial hypertension in the elderly of Bridgetown, Barbados: Prevalence and associated factors. Journal of Aging and Health, 22, 611-630.
4.
BenedettiT. R. B.GonçalvesL. H.PetroskiE.NassarS. M.SchwingelA.Chodzko-ZajkoW. (2008). Aging in Brazil: Physical activity, socioeconomic conditions, and diseases among older adults in southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27, 631-640.
5.
BigaardJ.TjonnelandA.ThomsenB. L.OvervadK.HeitmannB. L.SorensenT. I. A. (2003). Waist circumference, body mass index, smoking, and mortality in middle-aged men and women. Obesity Research, 11, 895-903.
6.
BuchallaC. M.WaldmanE. A.LaurentiR. (2003). A mortalidade por doenças infecciosas no início e no final do século XX no Município de São Paulo [Mortality from infectious diseases at the beginning and end of the twentieth century in São Paulo]. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologiai, 6, 335-344.
7.
BuenoJ. M.MartinoH. S. D.FernandesM. F. S.CostaL. S.SilvaR. R. (2008). Avaliação nutricional e prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em idosos pertencentes a um programa assistencial [Nutritional evaluation and prevalence of chronic diseases in elderly participating in an assistance program]. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 13, 1237-1246.
8.
CarvalhoJ. A. M.Rodriguez-WongL. L. (2008). A transição da estrutura etária da população brasileira na primeira metade do século XXI [The transition from the age structure of the population in the first half of the century]. Caderno de Saúde Pública, 24, 597-605.
9.
ChapmanI. G. (2010). Obesity paradox during aging. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology, 37, 20-36.
10.
ChobanianA. V.BakrisA. V.BlackH. R.CushmanW. C.GreenL. A.IzzoJ. L.Jr.. . . RoccellaE. J. (2003). Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. Journal of the American medical association, 21, 2560-2572.
11.
Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. (2001). III Diretrizes Brasileira sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Prevenção da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia [III Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis from the Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 77(3). Retrieved from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0066-782X2001001500001
12.
Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. (2007). IV Diretriz Brasileira Sobre Dislipidemias e Prevenção da Aterosclerose. Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia [IV Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis. Department of Atherosclerosis of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 88(1), 2-19.
13.
DuntonG. F.BerriganD.Ballard-BarbshR.GraubardB.AtienzaA. A. (2009). Joint associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with body mass index: Results from a time use survey of U.S. adults. International Journal of Obesity, 33, 1427-1436.
14.
FlegalK. M.ShepherdJ. A.LookerA. C.GraubardB. I.BorrudL. G.OgdenC. L. (2009). Comparisons of percentage body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist–stature ratio in adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 500-508.
15.
Freitas JúniorI. F.Costa RosaC. S.CodognoJ. S.BuenoD. R.BuonaniC.ConteratoI.. . . Gomes JdeO. (2010). Capacidade cardiorrespiratória e distribuição de gordura corporal de mulheres com 50 anos ou mais [Cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat distribution in women with 50 years or more]. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem USP, 44, 395-400.
16.
GiddingS. S.DennisonB. A.BirchL. L.DanielsS. R.GilmanM. W.LichtensteinA. H.. . . Van HornL. (2005). Dietary recommendations for children and adolescents: A guide for practitioners: Consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 112, 2061-2075.
17.
GomesI. C.BuenoD. R.CodognoJ. S.FernandesR. A.PauloT. R. S.Freitas JúniorI. F. (2010). Aptidão cardiorrespiratória está associada à adiposidade em mulheres adultas [Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with adiposity in adult women]. Motriz, 16, 320-325.
18.
GordonC. C.ChumleaW. C.RocheA. F. (1988). Stature, recumbent length, and weight. In LohmanT. G.RocheA. F.MartorellR. (Eds.), Anthropometric standardization reference manual (pp. 3-8). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19.
GrundyS. M.BrewerH. B.Jr.CleemanJ. I.SmithS.C.Jr.LenfantC. (2004). Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation, 109, 433-448.
20.
GundoganK.BayramF.CapakM.TanriverdiF.KaramanA.OzturkA.. . . YaziciC. (2009). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Mediterranean region of Turkey: Evaluation of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 7, 427-434.
21.
HuangP. L. (2009). eNOS, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20, 295-302.
22.
HumanR. P.JonesG. A. (2004). Evaluation of swab transport systems against a published standard. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 57, 762-773.
23.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2000). Censo demográfico e contagem da população: População residente por sexo, situação e grupos de idade [Census and population counts: Resident population by sex, location, and age groups]. Retrieved from www.sidra.ibge.gov.br
24.
KershawE. E.FlierJ. S. (2004). Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89, 2548-2556.
25.
LeanM. E.HanT. S.MorrisonC. E. (1995). Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. British Medical Journal, 311, 158-161.
26.
Lima-CostaM. F.BarretoS. M.GiattiL. (2003). Condições de saúde, capacidade funcional, uso de serviços de saúde e gastos com medicamentos da população idosa brasileira: um estudo descritivo baseado na pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios [Health, functional capacity, use of health services and expenditures on medicines among Brazilian elderly: A descriptive study based on the national household sample]. Caderno de Saúde Pública, 19, 735-743.
27.
MarengoniA.WinbladB.KarpA.FratiglioniL. (2008). Prevalence of chronic diseases and multimorbidity among the elderly population in Sweden. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 1198-1200.
28.
MarengoniA.RizzutoD.WangH. X.WinbladB.FratiglioniL. (2009). Patterns of chronic multimorbidity in the elderly population. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 57, 225-230.
29.
MarquesA. P. O.ArrudaI. K. G.Espírito SantoA. C. G.RaposoM. C. F.GuerraM. D.SalesT. F. (2005). Prevalência de obesidade e fatores associados em mulheres idosas [Prevalence of obesity and associated factors in older women]. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo, 49, 441-448.
30.
MasonC.KatzmarzykP. T. (2009). Effect of the site of measurement of waist circumference on the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. American Journal of Cardiology, 103, 1716-1720.
31.
McDonaldM.HertzR. P.UngerA. N.LustikM. B. (2009). Prevalence, awareness, and management of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes among U. S. adults aged 65 and older. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 64A, 256-263.
32.
MenendezJ.GuevaraA.ArciaN.DiazE. M. L.MarinC.AlfonsoJ. C. (2005). Chronic diseases and functional limitation in older adults: A comparative study in seven cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 17, 353-361.
33.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1999). Achievements in public health, 1900-1999: Control of infectious diseases. MMWR, 48, 621-648.
34.
MorrowJ. R.JacksonA. W.DischJ. G.MoodD. P. (2003). Medida e avaliação do desempenho humano [Measurement and evaluation of human performance] (2nd ed.). Porto Alegre, Brazil: Artmed.
35.
NeuhouserM. L.MillerD. L.KristalA. R.BarnettM. J.CheskinL. J. (2002). Diet and exercise habits of patients with diabetes, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, or hypertension. Journal of American College of Nutrition, 21, 394-401.
36.
PimentaA. M.KacG.GazzinelliA.Corrêa-OliveiraR.Velásquez-MeléndezG. (2008). Association between central obesity, triglycerides and hypertension in a rural area in Brazil. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 90, 386-392.
37.
PruggerC.WellmannJ.HeidrichJ.Brand-HerrmannS.KeilU. (2008). Cardiovascular risk factors and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. European Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 731-737.
38.
RigoJ. C.VieiraJ. L.DalacorteR. R.ReichertC. L. (2009). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an elderly community: Comparison between three diagnostic methods. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 93(2), 80-86.
39.
SakuraiT.LimuroS.ArakiA.UmegakiH.OhashiY.YokonoK.ItoH. (2010). Age-associated increase in abdominal obesity and insulin resistance, and usefulness of AHA/NHLBI definition of metabolic syndrome for predicting cardiovascular disease in Japanese elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gerontology, 56(2), 141-149.
40.
SanchezR. A.AyalaM.BaglivoH.VelazquezC.BurlandoG.KohlmannO.. . . ZanchettiA. (2009). Latin American guidelines on hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 27, 905-922.
41.
ShieldsM.TremblayM. S. (2008). Sedentary behavior and obesity. Health Reports, 19(2), 19-30.
42.
ShresthaU. K.SinghD. L.BhattaraiM. D. (2006). The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes defined by fasting and 2-h plasma glucose criteria in urban Nepal. Diabetic Medicine, 23, 1130-1135.
43.
SilvaR. C. P.SimõesM. J. S.LeiteA. A. (2007). Fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Revista de Ciêncicas Farmaucêuticas Básica e Aplicada, 28(1), 113-121.
44.
VargasC. M.BurtV. L.GillumR. F.PamukE. R. (1997). Validity of self-reported hypertension in the national health and nutrition examination survey III, 1988-1991. Preventive Medicine, 26, 678-685.
45.
World Health Organization. (2003). The World Health Report 2003—Shaping the future. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
46.
YangW.LuJ.WengJ.JiaW.JiL.XiaoJ.. . . HeL. J. (2010). Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 362, 1090-1101.
47.
YaoX. G.FrommletF.ZhouL.ZuF.WangH. M.YanZ. T. (2010). The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia in individuals of over 30 years of age belonging to minorities from the pasture area of Xinjiang. BMC Public Health, 10(91), 1-7.
