Evaluation of strength-to-cost ratios for steel,FRP,and hybrid reinforcements in reinforced concrete beams

Abstract

This study investigates the strength-to-cost efficiency of reinforced concrete (RC) beams utilizing steel, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), and hybrid reinforcement sections. Combining finite element analysis with experimental validation, the research evaluates both structural performance and economic feasibility, incorporating initial investment and long-term maintenance costs. While steel reinforcement demonstrates the highest initial strength-to-cost ratio (4.25 kN/$), it is susceptible to corrosion-related maintenance. FRP, although more expensive upfront, offers superior durability and minimal maintenance, yielding a lower ratio (3.10 kN/$) but improved lifecycle performance. Hybrid systems, incorporating both materials, achieve a balanced ratio of 3.80 kN/$ and demonstrate up to 20% enhanced durability compared to steel-only systems. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to model cost uncertainties and failure loads, providing a comprehensive probabilistic assessment. The findings underscore the importance of considering both short-term and lifecycle costs in the selection of RC beam reinforcement, with hybrid systems emerging as an effective compromise between performance and cost efficiency.