The reinforced concrete beam-column joint exhibits different properties under dynamic loading when compared with that under quasi-static loading, due to the effect of strain rate. However, the majority of previous studies are focused more on the rate effect of concrete and reinforcement, but less on beam-column joints. Based on the former considerations, the seismic behavior of 15 cruciform specimens subjected to various strain rates is studied in this paper, aimed at attaining a better understanding of the effect of strain rates on beam-column joints. In terms of the effect of different strain rates, the failure mode, carrying capacity, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation of beam-column joints are discussed in detail. An empirical equation to predict the dynamic increase factor of horizontal shear carrying capacity of beam-column joints under different axial compression ratios and strain rates is also proposed through multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, four adjustments for the softened strut-and-tie model are made to get better predicting of the test results. It has been proved that predicted results by the improved softened strut-and-tie model are in good agreement with the test results.
HasanASMZHamidRAriffinAK. Stress-strain behavior of normal strength concrete subjected to high strain rate. Asian J Appl Sci2010; 3(2): 145–152.
2.
CusatisG. Strain-rate effects on concrete behavior. Int J Impact Eng2011; 38(4): 162–170.
3.
BoyceBLDilmoreMF. The dynamic tensile behavior of tough, ultrahigh-strength steels at strain-rates from 0.0002 s−1 to 200 s−1. Int J Impact Eng2009; 36(2): 263–271.
4.
AbramsDA. Effect of rate of application of load on the compressive strength of concrete. ASTM J1917; 17: 364–377.
5.
AtchleyBLFurrHL. Strength and energy absorption capabilities of plain concrete under dynamic and static loadings. ACI J Proc1967; 64(11): 745–756.
6.
BischoffPHPerrySH. Compressive behaviour of concrete at high strain rates. Mater Struct1991; 24(6): 425–450.
7.
MalvarLJRossCA. Review of strain rate effects for concrete in tension. ACI Mater J1998; 95(6): 735–739.
8.
WuSXChenXDZhouJK. Tensile strength of concrete under static and intermediate strain rates: Correlated results from different testing methods. Nucl Eng Des2012; 250(9): 173–183.
9.
HaoYHaoHLiZX. Influence of end friction confinement on impact tests of concrete material at high strain rate. Int J Impact Eng2013; 60(10): 82–106.
10.
ShkolnikIE. Influence of high strain rates on stress–strain relationship, strength and elastic modulus of concrete. Cement Concrete Comp2008; 30(10): 1000–1012.
11.
ManjoineMJ. Influence of rate of strain and temperature on yield stress of mild steel. J Appl Mech1944; 11: 211–218.
12.
SunHBYoshidaFOhmoriM. Effect of strain rate on Lüders band propagating velocity and Lüders strain for annealed mild steel under uniaxial tension. Mater Lett2003; 57(29): 4535–4539.
13.
MartínezJARRusinekAKlepaczkoJR. Constitutive relation for steels approximating quasi-static and intermediate strain rates at large deformations. Mech Res Commun2009; 36(4): 419–427.
14.
LeeWLinCLiuT. Impact and fracture response of sintered 316L stainless steel subjected to high strain rate loading. Mater Charact2007; 58(4): 363–370.
15.
KnoblochMPauliJFontanaM. Influence of the strain-rate on the mechanical properties of mild carbon steel at elevated temperatures. Mater Des2013; 49(4): 553–565.
16.
MukaiTIshikawaKHigashiK. Influence of strain rate on the mechanical properties in fine-grained aluminum alloy. Mater Sci Eng A1995; 204(1–2): 12–18.
17.
YadarSRameshKT. The mechanical properties of tungsten-based composites at very high strain rates. Mater Sci Eng A1995; 203(1–2): 140–153.
18.
LeeWSShyuJCChiouST. Effect of strain rate on the impact response and dislocation substructure of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Scr Mater2000; 42: 51–56.
19.
LeeWSLinCF. Plastic deformation and fracture behaviour of Ti –6Al–4V alloy loaded with high strain rate under various temperatures. Mater Sci Eng A1998; 241: 48–59.
20.
Bertero VV, Rea D, Mahin S, et al. Rate of loading effects on uncracked and repaired reinforced concrete members. In: Proceedings of the fifth world conference on earthquake engineering, Rome, Italy: 6, 1973, pp.1461–1470 (Unpublished).
21.
WallaceBJKrawinklerH. Small-scale model tests of structural steel assemblies. J Struct Eng1989; 115(8): 1999–2015.
22.
MutsuyoshiHMachidaA. Properties and failure of reinforced concrete members subjected to dynamic loading. Trans Jpn Concrete Inst1984; 6: 521–528.
23.
AdhikarySDLiBFujikakeK. Dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete beams under varying rates of concentrated loading. Int J Impact Eng2012; 47(9): 24–38.
24.
BesharaAVirdiKS. Prediction of dynamic response of blast-loaded reinforced concrete structures. Comput Struct1992; 44(1): 297–313.
25.
KulkarniSMShahSP. Response of reinforced concrete beams at high strain rates. ACI Struct J1998; 95(6): 705–715.
26.
LamarcheCPTremblayR. Seismically induced cyclic buckling of steel columns including residual-stress and strain-rate effects. J Constr Steel Res2011; 67(9): 1401–1410.
27.
BhowmickAKDriverRGGrondinGY. Seismic analysis of steel plate shear walls considering strain rate and P–delta effects. J Constr Steel Res2009; 65(5): 1149–1159.
28.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) ASCE Committee 352.ACI 352R-02: 2002. Recommendations for design of beam-column joints in monolithic concrete structures.
29.
AsproneDFrascadoreRLudovicoMD. Influence of strain rate on the seismic response of RC structures. Eng Struct2012; 35(2): 29–36.
30.
Takeda JI. Dynamic fracture of concrete structures due to severe earthquakes and some consideration on countermeasures. In: Proceedings of the 8th world conference on earthquake engineering, San Francisco, California, USA: Prentice-Hall, 6, 1984: 299–306.
31.
ShahSPWangMLChungL. Model concrete beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading at two rates. Mater Struct1987; 20(2): 85–95.
32.
MansourMLeeJHsuT. Cyclic stress-strain curves of concrete and steel bars in membrane elements. J Struct Eng2001; 127(12): 1402–1411.
33.
Arakawa T and Arai Y. Effects of the rate of cyclic loading on the inelastic behavior of R/C columns. In: Proceedings of the 8th world conference on earthquake engineering, San Francisco, California, USA: Prentice-Hall, 6, 1984: 521–528.
CotterllAH. The mechanical properties of matter, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1964.
36.
Comité Euro-International du Béton. CEB Bulletin 187: 1988. Concrete structures under impact and impulsive loading.
37.
FollansbeePSKocksUF. Constitutive description of the deformation of copper based on the use of the mechanical threshold stress as an internal state variable. Acta Metall1988; 36: 81–93.
38.
Murr LE. Metallurgical effects of shock and high-strain-rate loading. Mater High Strain Rates 1987; 1: 1–46.
39.
CampbellJDFergusonWG. The temperature and strain-rate dependence of the shear strength of mild steel. Phil Mag1970; 21: 63–82.
40.
ShioharaH. New model for shear failure of RC interior beam-column connections. J Struct Eng2001; 127(2): 152–160.
41.
ZhaoGF. Advanced reinforced concrete structures, Beijing: China Machine Press, 2005.
42.
GhobarahASaidA. Shear strengthening of beam-column joints. Eng Struct2002; 24(7): 881–888.
43.
HwangSJLeeHJ. Analytical model for predicting shear strengths of exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joints for seismic resistance. ACI Struct J1999; 96(5): 846–857.
44.
HwangSJLeeHJ. Analytical model for predicting shear strengths of interior reinforced concrete beam-column joints for seismic resistance. ACI Struct J2000; 97(1): 35–44.
45.
HwangSJLeeHJ. Strength prediction for discontinuity regions by softened strut-and-tie model. J Struct Eng2002; 128(12): 1519–1526.
46.
UnalMBurakB. Development and analytical verification of an inelastic reinforced concrete joint model. Eng Struct2013; 52(7): 284–294.
47.
American Concrete Institute (ACI) ACI 318-02 and Commentary (ACI 318R-02): 2002. Building code requirements for structural concrete.
48.
BelarbiAHsuTTC. Constitutive laws of concrete in tension and reinforcing bars stiffened by concrete. ACI Struct J1994; 91(4): 465–474.
49.
Fenwick RC and Irvine HM. Reinforced concrete beam-column joints for seismic loading. Report No. 142, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 1977.
50.
Birss GR. The elastic behaviour of earthquake resistant reinforced concrete beam-column joints. Report No.78-13, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1978.
51.
Beckingsale CW. Post elastic behaviour of reinforced concrete beam-column joints. Report No. 80-20, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1980.
52.
DurraniAJWightJK. Behavior of interior beam-to-column connections under earthquake-type loading. ACI J Proc1985; 82(3): 343–349.
53.
KitayamaKOtaniSAoyamaH. Development of design criteria for RC interior beam–column joints. ACI Spec Publ1991; 123: 97–124.
54.
FujiiSMoritaS. Comparison between interior and exterior RC beam–column joint behavior. ACI Spec Publ1991; 123: 145–166.
