Polyvinyl Chloride/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Effects of Filler Loading and Maleic Anhydride

Abstract

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/organoclay nanocomposites were melt compounded in an internal mixer, Haake Rheometer, at 170°C and 50 rpm rotor speed. Effects of organoclay loading (from 2 to 10 phr — parts per hundred of resin) and maleic anhydride (MAH), as a compatibilizer, on the tensile properties, thermal degradation, and morphology were investigated. Results indicate that the presence of organoclay increases the tensile properties and resistance towards thermal degradation. The optimum organoclay loading was achieved at 2 phr. The intercalated/partially exfoliated structure affects the properties of PVC/organoclay nanocomposites as evidenced from the morphological and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. The addition of MAH had improved the tensile properties and thermal degradation as a result of better filler-matrix interaction. More intercalation/ partial exfoliation of the organoclay was formed in the PVC matrix in the presence of MAH.

Keywords

polyvinyl chloride organoclay nanocomposites maleic anhydride tensile properties thermal properties.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Mani, G. , Fan, Q. , Samuel Ugbolue, C. and Yang, Y. (2005). Morphological Studies of Polypropylene— Nanoclay Composites, J. App. Polym. Sci., 97: 218—226.

Galgalia, G. , Agarwalb, S. and Lelea, A. (2005). Effect of Clay Orientation on the Tensile Modulus Of Polypropylene—Nanoclay Composites. Polymer, 45: 6059—6069.

Park, J.H. and Jana, S.C. (2003). The Relationship between Nano- and Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in PMMA—Epoxy—Nanoclay Composites, Polymer, 44: 2091—2100.

Reichert, P. , Nitz, H. , Klinke, S. , Brandsch, R. , Thomann, R. and Mulhaupt, R. (2000). Morphological Stability of Poly(propylene) Nanocomposites, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 275: 8—17.

Li, J. , Wu, J. and Chan, C. (2000). Thermoplastic Nanocomposites, Polymer, 41: 6935—6937.

Wang, S. , Hu, Y. , Wang, Z. , Yong, T. , Chen, Z. and Fan, W. (2003). Synthesis and Characterization of Polycarbonate/ABS/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 80: 157—61.

Ko, M.B. (2000). Effects of Acrylonitrile Content on the Properties of Clay-dispersed Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Copolymer Nanocomposite, Polym. Bull., 45: 183—90.

Shelley, J.S. , Mather, P.T. and DeVries, K.L. (2001). Reinforcement and Environmental Degradation of Nylon-6/Clay Nanocomposites. Polymer, 42: 5849—58.

Ristolainen, N. , Vainio, U. , Paavola, S. and Torkkeli, M. (2005). Polypropylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites Compatibilized with Hydroxyl Functional Polypropylenes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 43: 1892—1903.

10.

Chow, W.S. , Abu Bakar, A. , Mohd Ishak, Z.A. , Karger-Kocsis, J. and Ishiaku, U.S. (2005). Effect of Maleic Anhydride-grafted Ethylene—Propylene Rubber on the Mechanical, Rheological and Morphological Properties of Organoclay Reinforced Polyamide 6/Polypropylene Nanocomposites, Eur. Polym. J., 41: 687—696.

11.

Liang, Z.M. , Wan, C.Y. , Zhang, Y. , Wei, P. and Yin, J. (2004). PVC/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Based on a Thermally Stable, Rigid-Rod Aromatic Amine, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92: 567—575.

12.

Yalcin, B. and Cakmak, M. (2004). The Role of Plasticizer on the Exfoliation, Dispersion and Fracture Behavior of Clay Particles in PVC Matrix: A Comprehensive Morphological Study, Polymer, 45: 6623—6638.

13.

Callister, W.D. (1997). Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 4th ed, New York: John Wiley Sons Inc.

14.

Ismail, H. , Supri, A.G. and Yusof, A.M.M. (2004). Blend of Waste Poly(vinylchloride) (PVCw)/ Acrylonitrile Butadiene-rubber (NBR): The Effect of Maleic Anhydride (MAH), Polym. Test, 23: 675—683.

15.

Stretz, H.A. , Paul, D.R. , Li, R. , Keskkula, H. and Cassidy, P.E. (2005). Intercalation and Exfoliation Relationships in Melt-processed Poly(styrene-co acrylonitrile)/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites, Polymer, 46: 2621—2637.

16.

Wan, T. , Clifford, M.J. , Gao, F. , Bailey, A.S. , Gregory, D.H. , Somsunan, R. , Lertwimolnun, W. and Vergnes, B. (2005). Influence of Compatibilizer and Processing Conditions on the Dispersion of Nanoclay in a Polypropylene Matrix, Polymer, 46: 3462—3471.

17.

Teh, P.L. , Mohd Ishak, Z.A. , Hashim, A.S. , Karger-Kocsis, J. and Ishiaku, U.S. (2004). Effects of Epoxidized Natural Rubber as Compatibilizer in Melt Compounded Natural Rubber-Organoclay Nanocomposites, Eur. Polym. J., 41: 2513—2521.

18.

Teh, P.L. , Mohd Ishak, Z.A. , Hashim, A.S. , Karger-Kocsis, J. and Ishiaku, U.S. (2006). Physical Properties of Natural Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites Compatibilized with Epoxidized Natural Rubber, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 100: 1083—1092.

19.

Teh, P.L. , Mohd Ishak, Z.A. , Hashim, A.S. , Karger-Kocsis, J. and Ishiaku, U.S. (2004). On The Potential of Organoclay with Respect to Conventional Fillers (Carbon Black, Silica). for Epoxidized Natural Rubber Compatibilized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94: 2438—2445