This paper compares the results of different beam theories with finite element calculations and determines simple rules which designers may apply to insure simplified theories give acceptable results. Specifically, we analyze the effect of shear deformation and restrained warping. For thin-walled beams with layups that may be symmetrical or unsymmetrical, orthotropic or unorthotropic, simple expressions are developed to determine the effect of shear deformation. We also demonstrate that the effect of restrained warping in balanced, anisotropic open-section beams may be determined using the warping stiffness derived for orthotropic beams.
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