As an important type of cosmopolitan orientation, global self-identification refers to a higher level of self-identification with the world than with a particular nation-state. It has implications for the fate of nation-states and the prospect of global governance. This article examines what factors promote the adoption of global self-identification, using the recent wave of the World Values Survey data (2005–2008). I conceptualize the adoption of global self-identification as a two-level interactive process. While macro-level national characteristics do not directly impact global self-identification, they constitute the broader institutional context that conditions the effects of micro-level sociodemographic attributes. Specifically, existing theories often attribute the adoption of global self-identification to education and generational shifts. I argue that the cosmopolitanism-promoting effect of education and young age is not uniform across all countries but is more salient in affluent countries that are more involved in globalization. This emphasis on the cross-level interplay reveals both (1) the importance of country-level factors as the context under which individual-level factors operate and (2) the importance of individual-level factors as the conduit through which country-level influences penetrate down to individuals.
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