Job pressure is associated with increased role-blurring activities. Does higher status attenuate or exacerbate that association? Using data from a national sample of workers, the authors' study discovers that higher status functions as a moderator in what they call the pressure-status nexus. Job pressure is associated more strongly with role blurring among the well educated, professionals, managers, and high earners. Also, job pressure is associated most strongly with role blurring among higher status men. The authors' articulation of the pressure-status nexus extends the stress of higher status perspective, demonstrating that higher statuses compound the ways that job pressure is linked with activities that blur the work–family boundary.
AckerJ. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society4(2): 139–158.
2.
AllenT. D.ChoE.MeierL. L. (2014) Work-family boundary dynamics. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior1: 99–121.
3.
AshforthB. E.KreinerG. E.FugateM. (2000) All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review25(3): 472–491.
4.
BabbieE. (2010) The practice of social research, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
5.
BakkerA. B.DemeroutiE. (2007) The job-demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology22: 309–328.
6.
BakkerA. B.GeurtsS. A. E. (2004) Toward a dual-process model of work-home interference. Work and Occupations31: 345–366.
7.
BarnettR. C.RiversC. (1996) She works, he works: How two-income families are healthier and better off, San Francisco, CA: Harper.
8.
BattR.ValcourM. (2003) Human resource practices as predictors of work/family outcomes and employee turnover. Industrial Relations42: 189–220.
9.
BeckerG. S. (1964) Human capital theory, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
10.
BensonJ.BrownM. (2007) Knowledge workers: What keeps them committed; what turns them away. Work, Employment & Society21(1): 121–141.
11.
BittmanM.BrownJ. E.WajcmanJ. (2009) The mobile phone, perpetual contact and time pressure. Work, Employment & Society23(4): 673–691.
12.
Blair-LoyM. (2003) Competing devotions: Career and family among women executives, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13.
BoswellW. R.Olson-BuchananJ. B. (2007) The use of communication technologies after hours: The role of work attitudes and work-life conflict. Journal of Management33(4): 592–610.
14.
ChaY.WeedenK. A. (2014) Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages. American Sociological Review79(3): 457–484.
15.
ChesleyN. (2005) Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family67: 1237–1248.
16.
ChesleyN. (2014) Information and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress. Work, Employment & Society67: 1237–1248.
17.
ChesleyN.MoenP.ShoreR. P. (2003) The new technology climate. In: MoenP. (ed.) It’s about time: Couples and careers, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 220–241.
18.
ClarkS. C. (2000) Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations53: 747–770.
19.
ColtraneS. (1996) Family man, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
20.
CorrellS. J.KellyE. L.O’ConnorL. T.WilliamsJ. C. (2014) Redesigning, redefining work. Work and Occupations41(1): 3–17.
21.
CoserL. (1974) Greedy institutions, New York, NY: Free Press.
22.
CurtinR.PresserS.SingerE. (2005) Changes in telephone survey nonresponse over the past quarter century. Public Opinion Quarterly69(1): 87–98.
23.
DamaskeS.EcklundE. H.LincolnA. E.WhiteV. J. (2014) Male scientists’ competing devotions to work and family: Changing norms in a male-dominated profession. Work and Occupations41(4): 477–507.
24.
DaviesA. R.FrinkB. D. (2014) The origins of the ideal worker: The separation of work and home in the United States from the Market Revolution to 1950. Work and Occupations41(1): 18–39.
25.
DesrochersS.HiltonJ. M.LarwoodL. (2005) Preliminary validation of the work-family integration-blurring scale. Journal of Family Issues26: 442–466.
26.
DesrochersS.SargentL. D. (2004) Boundary/border theory and work-family integration. Organization Management Journal1: 40–48.
27.
DexS.BondS. (2005) Measuring work-life balance and its covariates. Work, Employment & Society19(3): 627–637.
28.
DiestelS.SchmidtK. H. (2009) Mediator and moderator effects of demands on self-control in the relationship between work load and indicators of job strain. Work & Stress23(1): 60–79.
29.
DiTomasoN.Parks-YancyR. (2014) The social psychology of inequality at work: Individual, group, and organizational dimensions. In: McLeodJ. D. (ed.) Handbook of the social psychology of inequality, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 437–457.
30.
DucharmeL. J.MartinJ. K. (2000) Unrewarding work, coworker support, and job satisfaction a test of the buffering hypothesis. Work and Occupations27(2): 223–243.
31.
DumasT. L.Sanchez-BurksJ. (2015) The professional, the personal, and the ideal worker: Pressures and objectives shaping the boundary between life domains. The Academy of Management Annals9(1): 803–843.
32.
DuxburyL.LyonsS.HigginsC. (2008) Too much to do, and not enough time: An examination of role overload. In: KorabikK.LeroD. S.WhiteheadD. L. (eds) Handbook of work-family integration: Research, theory, and best practices, London, UK: Academic Press/Elsevier, pp. 125–40.
33.
DuxburyL. E.HigginsC. A. (1991) Gender differences in work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology76(1): 60–74.
34.
DuxburyL. E.HigginsC. A. (2002) The 2001 national work-life conflict study: Report one, Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.
35.
DuxburyL. E.ThomasJ. A.TowersI.HigginsC. (2004) From 9 to 5 to 24 and 7: How technology has redefined the workday. In: LawW. (ed.) Information resources management: Global challenges, Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, pp. 305–32.
36.
ElliottJ. R.SmithR. A. (2004) Race, gender, and workplace power. American Sociological Review69(3): 365–386.
37.
FordM. T.WooldridgeJ. D. (2012) Industry growth, work role characteristics, and job satisfaction: A cross-level mediation model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology17(4): 492–504.
38.
GalinskyE.BondJ. T.KimS. S.BackonL.BrownfieldE.SakaiK. (2005) Overwork in America: When the way we work becomes too much, executive summary, New York, NY: Families and Work Institute.
39.
GersonK. (1993) No man’s land: Men’s changing commitments to family and work, New York, NY: Basic Books.
40.
GlavinP.SchiemanS. (2012) Work–family role blurring and work–family conflict: The moderating influence of job resources and job demands. Work and Occupations39: 71–98.
41.
GlavinP.SchiemanS.ReidS. (2011) Boundary-spanning work demands and their consequences for guilt and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior52(1): 43–57.
42.
GoldenL. (2001) Flexible work schedules: What are workers trading off to get them?Monthly Labor Review124: 50–67.
43.
GoodeW. J. (1960) A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review25(4): 483–496.
44.
GreenF. (2007) Demanding work: The paradox of job quality in the affluent economy, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
45.
GrovesR.CouperM.PresserS. (2007) Experiments in producing nonresponse bias. Peace Research Abstracts Journal44(3): 720–736.
46.
GrzywaczJ. G.MarksN. F. (2000) Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spill-over between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology5: 111–126.
47.
HackmanJ. R.OldhamG. (1976) Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance16: 250–279.
48.
HymanJ.ScholariosD.BaldryC. (2005) Getting on or getting by? Employee flexibility and coping strategies for home and work. Work, Employment & Society19(4): 705–725.
49.
JacobsJ. A.GersonK. (2004) The time divide: Work family and gender inequality, Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
50.
KallebergA. L. (2011) Good jobs, bad jobs: The rise of polarized and precarious employment systems in the United States, 1970s-2000s, New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
51.
KanterR. M. (1977) Men and women of the corporation, New York, NY: Basic Books.
52.
KarasekR. (1979) Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly24: 285–306.
53.
KelliherC.AndersonD. (2010) Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work. Human Relations63(1): 83–106.
54.
KohnM. L. (1976) Occupational structure and alienation. American Journal of Sociology82: 111–130.
55.
KohnM. L.SchoolerC. (1982) Job conditions and personality: A longitudinal assessment of their reciprocal effects. American Journal of Sociology87: 1257–1286.
56.
KoltaiJ.SchiemanS. (2015) Job pressure and SES-contingent buffering: Resource reinforcement, substitution, or stress of higher status?Journal of Health and Social Behavior56(2): 180–198. DOI: 10.1177/0022146515584151.
57.
KossekE.LambertS. J. (2005) Work-family scholarship: Voice and context. In: KossekE. E.LambertS. J. (eds) Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 3–17.
58.
KristensenT. S.BjornerJ. B.ChristensenK. B.BorgV. (2004) The distinction between work pace and working hours in the measurement of quantitative demands at work. Work & Stress18(4): 305–322.
59.
MacEachenE.PolzerJ.ClarkeJ. (2008) “You are free to set your own hours”: Governing worker productivity and health through flexibility and resilience. Social Science & Medicine66(5): 1019–1033.
60.
MarsdenP. V.KallebergA. L.CookC. R. (1993) Gender differences in organizational commitment influences of work positions and family roles. Work and Occupations20(3): 368–390.
61.
MatusikS. F.MickelA. E. (2011) Embracing or embattled by converged mobile devices? Users’ experiences with a contemporary connectivity technology. Human Relations64(8): 1001–1030.
62.
MaumeD. J.PurcellD. A. (2007) The ‘over-paced’ American: Recent trends in the intensification of work. Workplace Temporalities. Research in the Sociology of Work17: 251–283.
63.
MerkleD.EdelmanM. (2002) Nonresponse in exit polls: A comprehensive analysis. In: GrovesR. M.DillmanD. A.EltingeJ. L.LittleR. J. A. (eds) Survey nonresponse, New York: Wiley, pp. 243–258.
64.
MirowskyJ.RossC. E. (2003) Social causes of psychological distress, Hawthorne, NY: Aldine De Gruyter.
65.
MirowskyJ.RossC. E. (2005) Education, cumulative advantage, and health. Ageing International30(1): 27–62.
66.
MirowskyJ.RossC. E. (2007) Creative work and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior48(4): 385–403.
67.
MoenP. (2015) An institutional/organizational turn: Getting to work–life quality and gender equality. Work and Occupations42(2): 174–182.
68.
MoenP.LamJ.AmmonsS.KellyE. L. (2013) Time work by overworked professionals: Strategies in response to the stress of higher status. Work and Occupations40(2): 79–114.
69.
MoenP.RoehlingP. (2005) The career mystique: Cracks in the American Dream, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
70.
MunschC. L.RidgewayC. L.WilliamsJ. C. (2014) Pluralistic ignorance and the flexibility bias: Understanding and mitigating flextime and flexplace bias at work. Work and Occupations41(1): 40–62.
71.
Olson-BuchananJ. B.BoswellW. R. (2006) Blurring boundaries: Correlates of integration and segmentation between work and nonwork. Journal of Vocational Behavior68: 432–445.
72.
PearlinL. (1983) Role strains and personal stress. In: KaplanH. B. (ed.) Psychosocial stress: Trends in theory and research, New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 3–32.
73.
PerlowL. A.KellyE. L. (2014) Toward a model of work redesign for better work and better life. Work and Occupations41(1): 111–134.
74.
PleckJ. H. (1977) The work-family role system. Social Problems24: 417–427.
75.
ReskinB. F.RossC. E. (1992) Jobs, authority, and earnings among managers: The continuing significance of sex. Work and Occupations19(4): 342–365.
76.
RossC. E.MirowskyJ. (2010) Why education is key to socioeconomic differentials in health. In: BirdC. E.ConradP.FremontA. M.TimmermansS. (eds) Handbook of medical sociology, Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 33–51.
77.
RuppannerL.HuffmanM. L. (2014) Blurred boundaries: Gender and work–family interference in cross-national context. Work and Occupations41(2): 210–236.
78.
SchiemanS. (2013) Job-related resources and the pressures of working life. Social Science Research42(2): 271–282.
79.
SchiemanS.GlavinP. (2008) Trouble at the border? Gender, flexibility at work, and the work-home interface. Social Problems55: 590–611.
80.
SchiemanS.MilkieM. A.GlavinP. (2009) When work interferes with life: Work-nonwork interference and the influence of work-related demands and resources. American Sociological Review74: 966–988.
81.
SchiemanS.ReidS. (2009) Job authority and health: Unraveling the competing suppression and explanatory influences. Social Science & Medicine69(11): 1616–1624.
82.
SchiemanS.SchaferM. H.McIvorM. (2013) The rewards of authority in the workplace: Do gender and age matter?Sociological Perspectives56(1): 75–96.
83.
SchiemanS.WhitestoneY. K.Van GundyK. (2006) The nature of work and the stress of higher status. Journal of Health and Social Behavior47(3): 242–257.
84.
SloanM. M. (2012) Unfair treatment in the workplace and worker well-being: The role of coworker support in a service work environment. Work and Occupations39(1): 3–34.
85.
SmithR. A. (2002) Race, gender, and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology28: 509–542.
86.
ThoitsP. A. (1995) Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we?What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Extra Issue. 53–79.
87.
TowersI.DuxburyL.HigginsC.ThomasJ. (2006) Time thieves and space invaders: Technology, work and the organization. Journal of Organizational Change Management19(5): 593–618.
88.
TownsendN. (2002) Cultural contexts of father involvement. In: Tamis-LeMondaC. S.CabreraN. (eds) Handbook of father involvement: Multidisciplinary perspectives, Mahweh, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, pp. 249–277.
89.
ValcourP. M.HunterL. W. (2005) Technology, organizations, and work-life integration. In: KossekE. E.LambertS. J. (eds) Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 61–84.
90.
Van den BroeckA.VansteenkisteM.De WitteH.LensW. (2008) Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress22(3): 277–294.
91.
VoydanoffP. (2005) Consequences of boundary-spanning demands and resources for work-to-family conflict and perceived stress. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology10: 491–503.
92.
VoydanoffP. (2007) Work, family, and community: Exploring interconnections, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
93.
WheatonB. (1985) Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resources. Journal of Health and Social Behavior26: 352–364.
94.
WheatonB. (1996) The domains and boundaries of stress concepts. In: KaplanH. B. (ed.) Psychosocial stress: Perspectives on structure, theory, life-course, and methods, New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 29–70.
95.
WilliamsJ. (2000) Unbending gender: Why family and work conflict and what to do about it, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
