The comparative sociology of the structure, dynamics, and experience of urban relegation in the United States and the European Union during the past three decades reveals the emergence of a new regime of marginality. This regime generates forms of poverty that are neither residual, nor cyclical or transitional, but inscribed in the future of contemporary societies insofar as they are fed by the ongoing fragmentation of the wage labour relationship, the functional disconnection of dispossessed neighbourhoods from the national and global economies, and the reconfiguration of the welfare state in the polarizing city. Based on a methodical comparison between the black American ghetto and the French working-class banlieue at century's turn, this article spotlights three distinctive spatial properties of `advanced marginality' — territorial fixation and stigmatization, spatial alienation and the dissolution of `place', and the loss of a hinterland — and draws out their implications for the formation of the `precariat' in postindustrial societies.
Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1994) From Urban Village to East Village: The Battle for New York's Lower East Side. New York and Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
2.
Auyero, Javier (1999) `“This is Like the Bronx, Isn't It?” Lived Experiences of Slum Dwellers in Argentina', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research23(1): 45—69.
3.
Azémar, Guy-Patrick (ed.) (1992) Ouvriers, ouvrières. Un Continent morcelé et silencieux. Paris: Éditions Autrement.
4.
Barthélémy, Philippe et al. (1990) Underground Economy and Irregular Forms of Employment (travail au noir): Final Synthesis Report. Brussels: Communauté Economique Européenne, mimeographed.
5.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1977) `Une classe objet', Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales17—18(May): 2—5.
6.
Bourdieu, Pierre ([1993] 1999) `Effects of Place', in Pierre Bourdieu et al., The Weight of the World, pp. 123—129. Cambridge: Polity Press.
7.
Bourgois, Philippe (1995) In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio . New York: Cambridge University Press.
8.
Crump, J.R. (2003) `The End of Public Housing as We Know It: Public Housing Policy, Labor Regulation and the US City', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research27(1): 179—87.
9.
Demazière, Didier and Pignoni, Maria-Teresa (1999) Chômeurs, du silence à la révolte. Sociologie d'une action collective. Paris: Hachette.
10.
Drake, St. Clair and Cayton, Horace R. (1993 [1945]) Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11.
Dudley, Kathryn Marie (1994) The End of the Line: Lost Jobs, New Lives in Postindustrial America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12.
Eckstein, Susan (1990) `Urbanization Revisited: Inner-City Slums of Hope and Squatter Settlements', World Development18(2): 165—81.
Fernandes, Luis (1998) O sítio das drogas. Etnografia das drogas numa periferia urbana. Lisbon: Editorial Notícias.
15.
Gershuny, Jonathan I. (1983) Social Innovation and the Division of Labor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16.
Goffman, Erving (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity . New York: Simon & Schuster .
17.
Hannerz, Ulf (1968) `The Rhetoric of Soul: Identification in Negro Society', Race9(4): 453—65.
18.
Harvey, David (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
19.
Henni, Amar and Marinet, Gilles (2002) Cités hors-la-loi. Un autre monde, une jeunesse qui impose ses lois. Paris: Ramsay .
20.
Jones, LeAlan and Newman, Lloyd (1997) Our America: Life and Death on the South Side of Chicago. New York: Washington Square Press.
21.
Kornblum, William (1974) Blue-Collar Community. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
22.
Kotlowitz, Alex (1991) There Are No Children Here: The Story of Two Boys Growing Up in the Other America. New York: Doubleday.
23.
Kronauer, Martin, Vogel, Berthold and Gerlach, Frank (1993) Im Schatten der Arbeitsgesellschaft. Arbeitslose und die Dynamik sozialer Ausgrenzung. Berlin: Campus Verlag.
24.
Leonard, Madeleine (1998) Invisible Work, Invisible Workers: The Informal Economy in Europe and the US. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
25.
Lomnitz, Larissa ([1975] 1977) Networks and Marginality: Life in a Mexican Shanty-town. New York: Academic Press.
26.
Masclet, Olivier (2003) La Gauche et les cités. Enquête sur un rendez-vous manqué. Paris: La Dispute.
27.
Mele, Christopher (1999) Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate, and Resistance in New York City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
28.
Pahl, Raymond E. (1989) `Is the Emperor Naked? Some Questions on the Adequacy of Sociological Theory in Urban and Regional Research', International Journal of Urban and Research13(4): 709—20.
29.
Pattillo-McCoy, Mary (1999) Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30.
Perrin, Évelyne (2004) Chômeurs et précaires au coeur de la question sociale . Paris: La Dispute.
31.
Pétonnet, Colette (1982) Espace habités. Ethnologie des banlieues. Paris: Galilée.
32.
Piore, Michael J. (1979) Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
Pred, Allan Richard (2000) Even in Sweden: Racisms, Racialized Spaces, and the Popular Geographical Imagination. Berkeley: University of California Press.
34.
Ricketts, Erol R. and Sawhill, Isabell V. (1988) `Defining and Measuring the Underclass', Journal of Policy Analysis and Management7 (Winter): 316—25.
35.
Sayad, Abdelmalek (1991) L'immigration ou les paradoxes de l'altérité. Brussels: De Boeck Université.
36.
Schwartz, Olivier (1990) Le Monde privé des ouvriers. Hommes et femmes du Nord. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
37.
Shields, Rob (1991) Places on the Margin: Alternative Geographies of Modernity. London: Routledge.
38.
Siméant, Johanna (1998) La Cause des sans-papiers. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
39.
Smith, Dennis (1987) `Knowing Your Place: Class, Politics, and Ethnicity in Chicago and Birmingham, 1890—1983', in Nigel Thrift and Peter Williams (eds), Class and Space: The Making of Urban Society, pp. 277—305. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
40.
Soja, Edward W. (1989) Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory. London: Verso.
41.
Stack, Carol (1974) All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Harper & Row.
42.
Stedman Jones, Gareth (1984) Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History 1832—1982. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43.
Sullivan, Mercer L. (1989) `Getting Paid': Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
44.
Uitermark, Justus (2003) `“Social Mixing” and the Management of Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods: The Dutch Policy of Urban Restructuring Revisited', UrbanStudies40(3): 531—49.
45.
Van Deburg, William L. (1992) New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965—1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46.
Venkatesh, Suhdir (2000) American Project. The Rise and Fall of a ModernGhetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
47.
Wacquant, Loïc ([1992] 1998) `Inside the Zone: The Social Art of the Hustler in the Black American Ghetto', Theory, Culture & Society15(2): 1—36.
48.
Wacquant, Loïc (2007) `French working-class banlieues and Black AmericanGhetto: From Conflation to Comparison ', Qui Parle16(2): 5—38.
49.
Wilson, William Julius (1996) When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf.
50.
Young, Michael and Willmott, Peter (1986 [1957]) Family and Kinship in East London. Berkeley: University of California Press.
