Theoretical accounts of the origins of gender identity disturbance are reviewed and then followed by a description of the establishment of a child and adolescent gender identity clinic. Clinical impressions of 16 gender disturbed patients are presented and the position is taken that most patients manifested a confused, as opposed to fixed, core gender identity.
References
1.
BakerH., StollerR.J.: Can a biological force contribute to gender identity?Am J Psychiatry, 124: 1653–1658, 1968.
2.
BarlowD.H., ReynoldsJ., AgrasS.: Gender identity change in a transsexual.Arch Gen Psychiatry,28: 569–576, 1973.
3.
BatesJ.E., SkilbeckW.M., SmithK.V.R., BentlerP.M.: Intervention with families of gender-disturbed boys.Am J Orthopsychiatry,45: 150–157, 1975.
4.
BellA.P.: “Homosexualities: their range and character.” In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1973, eds. ColeJ.K., and Dienstbier.R. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974.
5.
BentlerP.M.: A typology of trans-sexualism: gender-identity theory and data.Arch Sex Behav,5: 561–584, 1976.
ChildsA.: Acute symbiotic psychosis in a postoperative transsexual.Arch Sex Behav,6: 37–44, 1977.
8.
DavenportC.W., HarrisonS.I.: Gender identity change in a female adolescent transsexual.Arch Sex Behav,6: 327–340, 1977.
9.
EhrhardtA.A., BakerS.W.: “Fetal androgens, human central nervous system differentiation, and behaviour sex differences.” In Sex Differences in Behaviour, eds. RichartF.M., Vande WieleR.L., and SternL.O.. New York: John Wiley, 1974.
10.
GreenR.: Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults.Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1974.
11.
GreenR., NewmanL.E., StollerR.J.: Treatment of boyhood ‘transsexualism’: an interim report of four years' experience.Arch Gen Psychiatry,26: 396–403, 1972.
12.
GreensonR.R.: A transvestite boy and a hypothesis.Int J. Psychoanal, Al:396–403, 1966.
13.
GreensonR.R.: Disidentifying from mother: its special importance for the boy.Int J Psychoanal,49: 370–374, 1968.
HampsonJ.G.: Hermaphroditic genital appearance, rearing and eroticism in hyperadrenocorticism.Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp96: 265–273, 1955.
16.
KohlbergL.: “A cognitive-developmental analysis of children's sex role concepts and attitudes.” In The Development of Sex Differences, ed. Maccoby.E.E.Stanford: Stanford University Press,82–173, 1966.
17.
KohlbergL., UllianD.Z.: “Stages in the development of psychosexual concepts and attitudes.” In Sex Differences in Behaviour, ed. FriedmanR.C.New York: John Wiley, 209–222, 1974.
18.
LangevinR., PaitichD., SteinerB.: The clinical profile of male transsexuals living as females vs. those living as males.Arch Sex Behav,6: 143–154, 1977.
19.
LebovitzP.S.: Feminine behaviour in boys: aspects of its outcome.Am J Psychiatry128: 1283–1289, 1972.
20.
MischelW.: “A social learning view of sex differences in behaviour.” In The Development of Sex Differences, ed. Maccoby.E.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966.
21.
MoneyJ.: Hermaphroditism, gender, and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings.Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp,96: 253–264, 1955.
22.
MoneyJ., HampsonJ.G., HampsonJ.L.: An examination of basic sexual concepts: the evidence of human hermaphroditism.Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp,97: 301–319, 1955.
23.
NewmanL.E.: Treatment for the parents of feminine boys.Am J Psychiatry,133: 683–687, 1976.
24.
OveseyL., PersonE.: Gender identity and sexual psychopathology in men: a psychodynamic analysis of homosexuality, transsexuality, and transvestism.J Am Acad Psychoanal,1: 53–72, 1973.
25.
PauleyI.: Male psychosexual inversion: transsexualism.Arch Gen Psychiatry,13: 172–181, 1965.
26.
PersonE., OveseyL.: The transsexual syndrome in males I. primary transsexualism.Am J Psychother,28: 4–20, 1974.
27.
PersonE., OveseyL.: The transsexual syndrome in males. II. secondary transsexualism.Am J Psychother,28: 174–193, 1974.
28.
PersonE., OveseyL.: “The psychodynamics of male transsexualism.” In Sex Differences in Behaviour, eds. FriedmanR.C.New York: John Wiley, 315–325, 1974.
29.
PhoenixC.H.: “Prenatal testosterone in the non-human primate and its consequences for behaviour.” In Sex Differences in Behaviour, eds. FriedmanR.C.New York: John Wiley, 19–32, 1974.
30.
RekersG.A., LovaasO.I.: Behavioural treatment of deviant sex-role behaviours in a male child.J Appl Behav Anal, 1: 173–190, 1974.
31.
RekersG.A., LovaasO.I., LowB.: The behavioural treatment of a ‘transsexual’ preadolescent boy.J Abnorm Child Psychol,2: 99–116, 1974.
SaghirM.T., RobinsE.: Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation.Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1973.
34.
SperlingM.: The analysis of a boy with transvestite tendencies: a contribution to the genesis and dynamics of transvestism.Psychoanal Study Child,19: 470–493, 1964.
35.
StollerR.J.: A contribution to the study of gender identity.Int J Psychoanal,45: 220–226, 1964.
36.
StollerR.J.: It's only a phase. Femininity in boys.JAMA,201: 314–315, 1967.
37.
StollerR.J.: Sex and Gender.New York: Science House, 1968.
38.
StollerR.J.: Symbiosis anxiety and the development of masculinity.Arch Gen Psychiatry,30: 164–172, 1974.
39.
StollerR.J.: The Transsexual Experiment.London: Hogarth Press, 1975.
40.
Van PuttenT., FawzyF.I.: Sex conversion surgery in a man with severe gender dysphoria: a tragic outcome.Arch Gen Psychiatry,33: 751–753, 1976.
41.
WardI.L.: “Sexual behaviour differentiation: prenatal hormonal and environmental control.” In Sex Differences in Behaviour, eds. FriedmanR.C.New York: John Wiley, 3–18, 1974.
42.
WhitamF.L.: Childhood indicators of male homosexuality.Arch Sex Behav,6: 89–96, 1977.
43.
ZugerB.: Effeminate behaviour present in boys from early childhood I. The clinical syndrome and follow-up studies.J Pediatr,69: 1098–1107, 1966.
44.
ZugerB.: The role of familial factors in persistent effeminate behaviour in boys.Am J Psychiatry,126: 1167–1170, 1970.
45.
ZugerB.: Gender role determination: a critical review of the evidence from hermaphroditism.Psychosom Med,32: 449–463, 1970.
46.
ZugerB.: Effeminate behaviour in boys: parental age and other factors.Arch Gen Psychiatry,30: 173–177, 1974.
47.
ZugerB.: Monozygotic twins discordant for homosexuality: report of pair and significance of the phenomenon.Compr Psychiatry,17: 661–669, 1976.
48.
ZugerB., TaylorP.: Effeminate behaviour present in boys from early childhood. II. Comparisons with similar symptoms in non-effeminate boys.Pediatrics,44: 375–380, 1969.
