Uses and Abuses of Operant Conditioning

Adams K. M. , Klinge V. , Reiser T.W. : The extinction of a self-injurious behaviour in an epileptic child. Behav Res Ther 11: 351–355, 1973.

Aitken R. C. , Daley R. J. , Lister J. A. : Treatment of a flying phobia in aircrew. Am. J. Psychother. 25: 530–542, 1971.

Allen K. A. , Harris F. R. : Elimination of a child's excessive scratching by training the mother in reinforcement procedures. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 79–84, 1964.

Allen K. E. : Effects of social reinforcement on isolate behaviour of a nursery school child. Child Dev. 35: 511–518, 1964.

Anant S. : The use of verbal aversion (negative conditioning) with an alcoholic: a case report. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 395–396.

Azrin N. H. , Rubin H. , O'Brian F. , Roll T. : Behavioural engineering: postural control by a portable, operant apparatus. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 99–108.

Azrin N. H. , Lindsley A. R. : The reinforcement of cooperation between children. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 52: 100–102, 1956.

Baer D. M. : Laboratory control of thumbsucking through the withdrawal and representation of reinforcement. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 5: 525–529, 1962.

Baker R. : The use of operant conditioning to reinstate speech in mute schizophrenics. Behav. Res. Ther. 9: 329–336, 1971.

Bandura A. , Walters R. W. : Social Learning and Personality Development, New York, Rinehart & Winston, 1963.

Barnard G. W. , Flesher C. K. , Steinbook R. M. : Treatment of urinary retention by aversive stimulus cessation and assertive training. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 232–236, August 1966.

Barraclough B. M. : Method of testing hearing based on operant conditioning. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 237–238, August 1966.

Bijou S. W. , Baer D. M. : Child Development, Vol. I & II, New York, Appleton Century Croft, 1965.

Bijou S. , Peterson R. , Ault M. : A method of integrate descriptive and experimental field studies at the level of data and empirical concepts. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 175–191, 1968.

Blake P. , Moss T. : The development of socialization skills in an electively mute child. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 349–356, November 1967.

Blough D. S. : A method for obtaining psychophysical thresholds from the pigeon. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 1: 31–43, 1958.

Brady J. P. : Brevital-relaxation treatment of frigidity. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 71–78, May 1966.

Brierley H. : The treatment of hysterical spasmodic torticollis by behaviour therapy. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 139–142, May 1967.

Brigham T. , Sherman J. : An experimental analysis of verbal imitation in preschool children. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 151–160.

Browning R. M. : Behaviour therapy for stuttering in a schizophrenic child. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 27–36, 1967.

Buehler R. E. , Patterson G. R. , Furis J. M. : Reinforcement of behaviour in institutional settings. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 157–168, 1966.

Bushell D. Jr. , Wrobel P. A. , Michaelis M. L. : Applying “group” contingencies to the classroom study behaviour of preschool children. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 55–62, Spring 1968.

Carlson C. , Arnold C. , Becker W. , Madsen C. : The elimination of tantrum behaviour of a child in an elementary classroom. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 117–120, 1968.

Cautela J. R. : A behaviour therapy approach to pervasive anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 99–110, 1966.

Chapman R. F. , Smith J. W. , Layden T. A. : Elimination of cigarette smoking by punishment and self-management training. Behav. Res. Ther. 9: 255–264, August 1971.

Christensen D. E. , Sprague R. L. : Reduction of hyperactive behaviour by conditioning procedures alone. Behav. Res. Ther. 11: 331–333, 1973.

Clark D. F. : A note on avoidance conditioning techniques in sexual disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 3: 203–206, 1965.

Clement P. , Milne D. : Courtney Group play therapy and tangible reinforcers used to modify the behaviour of 8 year old boys. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 301–312, 1967.

Connolly K. : The applications of operant conditioning to the measurement and development of motor skills in children. Develop. Med. Child Neurol. 10: 697–705, 1968.

Cook C. , Adams H. E. : Modification of verbal behaviour in speech deficient children. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 265–272, 1966.

Cotler S. B. , Applegate G. , King L. , Kristal S. : Establishing a token economy program in a state hospital classroom: A lesson in training student and teacher. Behav. Res. Ther. 32: 209–222, 1972.

Creer T. L. , Yoches C. : The modification of an inappropriate behavioural pattern in asthmatic children. J. Chronic Dis. 24: 507–513, 1971.

Davison G. C. : Elimination of a sadistic fantasy by a client-controlled counter-conditioning technique. J. Abnormal Psychol. 73: 84–90, 1968.

Davison G. C. , Valins S. : Maintenance of self-attributed and drug-attributed behaviour change. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. II: 25–33, 1969.

Dinoff M. , Rickard H. C. , Colwick J. : Weight reduction through successive con-tracts. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 42: 110–113, 1972.

Doubros S. G. , Daniels G. J. : Experimental approach to reduction of overactive behaviour. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 251–258, 1966.

Evans D. R. : Masturbatory fantasy and sexual deviation. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 17–20, 1968.

Evans G. W. , Oswalt G. L. : Acceleration of academic progress through the manipulation of peer influence. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 189–196, May 1968.

Farrar C. H. , Powell B. J. , Martin L. K. : Punishment of alcohol consumption by apneic paralysis. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 13–16, 1968.

Feather B. W. , Rhoads J. M. : Psychodynamic behaviour therapy. I. Theory and rationale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 26: 503–511, 1972.

Feldman R. B. , Werry J. S. : An unsuccessful attempt to treat a tiqueur by massed practice. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 111–118, 1966.

Finley W. W. , Besserman R. L. , Bennett L. F. : The effect of continuous, intermittent and “placebo” reinforcement on the effectiveness of the conditioning treatment for enuresis nocturna. Behav. Res. Ther. 11: 289–297, 1973.

Fordyce W. E. , Fowler R. S. , DeLateur B. : An application of behaviour modification technique to a problem of chronic pain. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 105–108, 1968.

Forster F. M. , Paulsen W. A. , Baughman F. A. Jr. : Clinical therapeutic conditioning in reading epilepsy. Neurology Vol. 19(8): 717–723, 1969.

Fos B. M. : Operant conditioning in the control of movements. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 8: 339–340, 1966.

Franks C. M. , Fried R. , Ashem B. : An improved apparatus for the aversive condition of cigarette smokers. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 301–308, 1966.

Garlington E. , Cotler S. : Systematic desensitization of test anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 247–256, 1968.

Garber N. B. : Operant procedures to eliminate drooling behaviour in a cerebral palsied adolescent. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 73: 641–644, 1971.

Gelfand D. , Gelfand S. , Dobson W. : Unprogrammed reinforcement of patient's behaviour in a mental hospital. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 201–208, 1967.

Gerson P. , Lanyon R. I. : Modification of smoking behaviour with an aversion-desensitization procedure. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 38: 399–402, 1972.

Gray B. B. , Fygetakis L. : Mediated language acquisition for dysphasic children. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 263–280, 1968.

Gray B. B. , England G. , Mohoney J. L. : Treatment of benign vocal nodules by reciprocal inhibition. Behav. Res. Ther. 3: 187–194, 1965.

Hall R. V. , Lund D. , Jackson D. : Effects of teacher attention on study behaviour. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 1–12, 1968.

Harris F. , Johnston M. , Kelley S. , Wolf M. : Effects of positive social reinforcement on regressed crawling of a nursery school-child. J. Ed. Psych. 55: 35–41, 1964.

Harris F. R. , Wolf M. M. , Baer D. M. : Effects of adult social reinforcement on child behaviour. Young Child 20: 8–17, 1964.

Hart B. , Risley T. R. : Establishing use of descriptive adjectives in the spontaneous speech of disadvantaged preschool children. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 109–120, 1968.

Hart B. M. , Reynolds N. , Baer D. M. , Brawley E. R. : Effect of contingent and non-contingçnt social reinforcement on the cooperative play of a preschool child. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 73–76, 1968.

Hefferline R. F. , Keenan B. , Harford R. A. : Escape and avoidance conditioning in human subjects without their observation of the response. Science Vol. 130: 1338–1340, 1959.

Hodgson R. , Rachman S. , Marks I. M. : The treatment of chronic obsessive compulsive neurosis: follow-up and further findings. Behav. Res. Ther. 10: 181–189, 1972.

Hogan R. A. , Kirchner J. H. : Implosive eclectic verbal and bibliotherapy in the treatment of fears of snake. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 167–172, 1968.

Honig W. K. : Operant Behaviour: Areas of Research and Application, New York, Appleton Century Croft, 1966.

Hopkins B. L. : Effects of candy and social reinforcement, instructions, and reinforcement schedule learning on the modification and maintenance of smiling. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 121–130, 1968.

Hudson E. , Demyer M. K. : Food as a reinforcer in educational therapy of autistic children. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 37–44, 1968.

Ince L. P. : Desensitization with an aphasic patient. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 235–238, 1968.

Keller F. : “Good-bye, teacher ‥” J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 79–90, 1968.

Kelly R. : Comparison of the effects of + and - vicarious reinforcement in an operant learning task. J. Ed. Psychol. 57: 307–310, 1966.

Keutzer C. S. : Use of therapy time as a reinforcer: application of operant conditioning techniques within a traditional psychotherapy. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 367–370, 1967.

Keutzer C. S. : Behaviour modification of smoking: the experimental investigation of diverse techniques. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 137–158, 1968.

Keutzer C. S. : Kleptomania: a direct approach to treatment. Br. J. Med. Psychol. 45: 159–163, 1972.

Koblierie M. L. : Behaviour modification in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. Phys. Ther. 51: 1083–1090, 1971.

Koenig K. P. , Masters J. : Experimental treatment of habitual smoking. Behav. Res. Ther. 3: 235–244, 1965.

Kolvin I. : “Aversive imagery” treatment in adolescents. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 245–248, 1967.

Kondas O. : Reduction of examination anxiety and “stage-fright” by group desensitization and relaxation. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 275–282, 1967.

Kraft T. , Al-Issa I. ,: Alcoholism treated by desensitization: a case report. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 69–70, 1967.

Krop H. : Modification of hyperactive behaviour of a brain-damaged, emotionally disturbed child. Train. Sch. Bull. 68: 49–54, 1971.

Lanyon R. I. , Manosevitz M. , Imber R. : Systematic desensitization: distribution of practice and symptom substitution. Behav. Res. Ther. Vol. 6 3: 323–329, 1968.

Lazarus A. A. : Behaviour rehearsal versus non-directive therapy versus advice in effecting behaviour change. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 209–212, 1966.

Lazarus A. A. : Learning theory and the treatment of depression. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 83–90, 1968.

Leitenberg H. , Agras S. , Thompson L. , Wright D. : Feed-back in behaviour modification: an experimental analysis in two phobic cases. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 131–138, 1968.

Leitenberg H. , Agras W. S. , Thompson L. : A sequential analysis of the effect of selective positive reinforcement in modifying anorexia nervosa. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 211–218, 1968.

Lemke H. , Mitchell R. D. : Controlling the behaviour of a profoundly retarded child Am. J. Occup. Ther. 26: 261–264, 1972.

Lesser E. : Behaviour therapy with a narcotics user: a case report. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 251–252, 1967.

Levy R. , Meyer V. : Ritual prevention in obsessional patients. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 64: 1115–1118, 1971.

Liberman R. : Aversive conditioning of drug addicts: a pilot study. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 229–232, 1968.

Liberman R. : Behavioural approaches to family and couple therapy. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 40 1: 106–118, 1970.

Lobb L. G. , Schaefer H. H. : Successful treatment of anorexia nervosa through isolation. Psych. Rep. 30: 245–246, 1972.

Lomont J. F. : Reciprocal inhibition or extinction? Behav. Res. Ther. 3: 209–220, 1965.

Lovaas O. I. , Berberich J. P. , Perloff B. P. , Schaeffer B. : Acquisition of imitative speech by schizophrenic children. Science Vol. 151: 705–707, 11, 1966.

Lynch J. , Bricker W. A. : Linguistic theory and operant procedures: toward an integrated approach to language training for the mentally retarded. Mental Retardation 10 (2): 12–17, 1972.

McGlynn F. : Semi-automated desensitization as a treatment for genuinely fearful subjects. Behav. Res. Ther. 11: 313–315, 1973.

McGrade B. J. : Effectiveness of verbal reinforcers in relation to age and social class. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 4: 555–560, 1966.

McNamara J. R. : The use of self-monitoring techniques to treat nail biting. Behav. Res. Ther. 10: 193–194, May 1972.

MacPherson E. L. R. : Control of involuntary movement. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 143–146, 1967.

Madsen C. H. Jr. , Becker W. C. , Thomas D. : Rules, praise and ignoring: elements of elementary classroom control. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 139–150, 1968.

Madsen C. H. Jr. , Ullman L. P. : Innovations in the desensitization of frigidity. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 67–68, 1967.

Maley K. F. : Evaluation of patient improvement in a token treatment program. J. Ab. Psych. 82: 141–144, 1973.

Marks I. M. , Rachman S. , Gelder M. G. : Methods for assessment of aversion treatment in fetishism with masochism. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 253–258, 1965.

Marr J. N. , Miller E. R. , Straub R. R. : Operant conditioning of attention with a psychotic girl. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 85–88, 1966.

Marshall G. R. : Toilet training of an autistic 8 year old through conditioning therapy: a case report. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 242–246, 1966.

Martin G. L. : Operant conditioning in dressing behaviour of severely retarded girls. Mental Retardation Vol. 9: 24–31, 1971.

Martin M. , Burkholder R. , Rosenthal T. , Tharp R. , Thorne G. : Programming behaviour change and reintegration into school milieux of extreme adolescent deviates. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 371–384, 1968.

Martin G. L. , England G. , Kaprowy E. , Kilgour K. , Pilek V. : Operant conditioning of kindergarten class behaviour in autistic children. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 281–294, 1968.

Mees H. L. : Sadistic fantasies modified by aversive conditioning and substitution. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 317–320, 1966.

Meichenbaum D. H. : Sequential strategies in two cases of hysteria. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 89–94, 1966.

Meyer V. : Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 272–280, 1966.

Migler B. , Wolpe J. : Automated self-desensitization: a case report. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 133–135, 1967.

Millard D. W. : A conditioning treatment for giggle micturition. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 220–231, 1966.

Mills H. L. , Agras W. S. , Barlow D. H. : Compulsive rituals treated by response prevention. An experimental analysis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28: 524–529, 1973.

Mitchell K. R. : A psychological approach to the treatment of migraine. Br. J. Psychiat. 119: 533–534, 1971.

Ney P. G. : Combined psychotherapy and deconditioning of a child's phobia. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 13: 293–294, 1968.

Ney P. G. : Combined therapies in a family group. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 12: 379–385, 1967.

Ney P. G. : Effects of contingent and non-contingent reinforcement on the behaviour of an autistic child. J. Autism. Child Schizophr. 3 2: 115–127, 1973.

O'Leary K. D. , O'Leary S. , Becker W. : Modification of a deviant sibling interaction pattern in the home. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 113–120, 1967.

Ollendick T. H. , Gruen G. E. : Treatment of bodily injury phobia with implosive therapy. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 38: 389–393, 1972.

Peterson L. W. : Operant approach to observation and recording. Nursing Outlook 15 3: 29–32, 1967.

Rachman S. : Studies in desensitization I: the separate effects of relaxation and desensitization. Behav. Res. Ther. 3: 245–252, 1965.

Rachman S. : Studies in desensitization II: Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 1–6, 1966.

Rachman S. : Obsessional ruminations. Behav. Res. Ther. 9: 229–235, 1971.

Ramsay R. W. , Velzen V. V. : Behaviour therapy for sexual perversions. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 233–234, 1968.

Resnick J. : The control of smoking behaviour by stimulus satiation. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 113–114, 1968.

Rifkin B. G. : The treatment of cardiac neurosis using systematic desensitization. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 239–242, 1968.

Rimm D. C. : Assertive training used in treatment of chronic crying spells. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 373–374, 1967.

Risley T. R. : The effects and side effects of punishing the autistic behaviours. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 21–34, 1968.

Risley T. , Wolf M. : Establishing functional speech in echolalic children. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 73–88, 1967.

Ritter B. : The group desensitization of children's snake phobias using vicarious and contact desensitization procedures. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 1–6, 1968.

Rosenthal T. L. : Severe stuttering and maladjustment treated by desensitization and social influence. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 125–130, 1968.

Rosenthal T. L. , Meyer V. : Case report: behavioural treatment of clinical abulia. Cond. Reflex 6: 22–29, January-March 1971.

Scott R. W. , Peters R. D. , Gillespie W. J. : The use of shaping and reinforcement in the operant acceleration and deceleration of heart rate. Behav. Res. Ther. 11: 179–186, 1973.

Seitz S. , Terdal L. : A modeling approach to changing parent-child interactions. Mental Retard. 10: 39–43, 1972.

Sheehan J. : Rorschach changes during psychotherapy in relation to personality of the therapist. Amer. Psychol. 8: 434–435, 1953.

Silverman I. , Geer J. : The elimination of a recurrent nightmare by desensitization of a related phobia. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 109–112, 1968.

Solyom L. , Miller S. : A differential conditioning procedure as the initial phase of the behaviour therapy of homosexuality. Behav. Res. Ther. 3: 147–160, 1965.

Staats A. , Minke K. , Goodwin W. , Lundeen J. : Cognitive behaviour modification: ”motivated learning” reading treatment with sub-professional therapy technicians. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 283–300, 1967.

Stremel K. : Language training: a program for retarded children. Ment. Retard. 10 2: 47–49, 1972.

Stuart R. B. : Behavioural control of over-eating. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 357–366, 1967.

Stumphauzer J. S. : Increased delay in gratification in young prison inmates through imitation of high-delay peer models. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 21: 7–10, 1972.

Stunkard A. : New therapies for the eating disorders. Behaviour modification of obesity and anorexia nervosa. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 26: 391–398, 1972.

Suinn R. : The desensitization of test-anxiety by group and individual treatment. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 385–388, 1968.

Tanner B. : Shock intensity and fear of shock in the modification of homosexual behaviour in males by avoidance learning. Behav. Res. Ther. 11: 2; 3–2; 8, 1973.

Tate B. G. , Baroff G. S. : Aversive control of self-injurious behaviour in a psychotic boy. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 281–288, 1966.

Thomas D. R. , Becker W. C. , Armstrong M. : Production and elimination of disruptive classroom behaviour by systematically varying teacher's behaviour. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 35–46, 1968.

Thomas J. D. , Adams M. : Problems in teacher use of selected behaviour modification techniques in the classroom. New Zealand J. Ed. Studies Vol. 6 2: 151–165, 1971.

Tyler V. O. Jr. , Ullman L. P. : The use of swift, brief isolation as a group control device for institutionalized delinquents. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 1–10, 1967.

Ullman L. P. , Krasner L. : Case Studies in Behaviour Modification. New York, Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1965.

Ullman L. P. , Krasner L. : A Psychological Approach to Abnormal Behaviour. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1969.

Wadsworth H. G. : A motivated approach toward the remediation of learning disabled boys. Except. Child 38: 33–42, 1971.

Wagner M. K. , Cauthen N. R. : A comparison of reciprocal inhibition and operant conditioning in the systematic desensitization of a fear of snakes. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 225–228, 1968.

Wagner M. K. : Reinforcement of the expression of anger through role playing. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 91–96, 1968.

Weber H. N. , DeNike L. D. : Awareness, verbal conditioning and psychophysical misjudgments. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 205–210, 1968.

Wetzel R. J. , Baker J. , Roney M. , Martin M. : Outpatient treatment of autistic behaviour. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 179–186, 1966.

Whitman T. L. , Caponigri V. , Mercurio J. : Reducing hyperactive behaviour in severely retarded children. Ment. Retard. 9 3: 17–19, 1971.

Williams R. I. , Blanton R. L. : Verbal conditioning in a psychotherapeutic situation. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 97–104, 1968.

Wilson F. S. , Walters R. H. : Modification of speech output of near-mute schizophrenics through social learning procedures. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 59–68, 1966.

Wohl T. H. : Behaviour modification: its application to the study and treatment of childhood asthma. J. Asthma Res. 9: 41–45, 1971.

Wolf M. , Risley T. , Johnston M. , Harris F. , Allen E. : Application of operant conditioning procedures to the behaviour problems of an autistic child: a follow-up and extension. Behav. Res. Ther. 5: 103–110, 1967.

Wolf M. , Giles D. K. , Hall R. V. : Experiments with token reinforcement in a remedial classroom. Behav. Res. Ther. 6: 51–54, 1968.

Wolpin M. , Raines J. : Visual imagery, expected roles and extinction as possible factors in reducing fear and avoidance behaviour. Behav. Res. Ther. 4: 25–38, 1966.

Woy J. R. , Efran J. S. : Systematic desensitization and expectancy in the treatment of speaking anxiety. Behav. Res. Ther. 10: 43–49, 1972.

Yen S. , McIntire R. W. , Kerkowitiz S. : Extinction of inappropriate sleeping behaviour: multiple assessment. Psychol. Rep. 3: 375–378, 1972.

Young E. , Rimm D. C. , Kennedy T. D. : An experimental investigation of modeling versus verbal reinforcement in the modification of assertive behaviour. Behav. Res. Ther. 11: 317–319, 1973.

Zeilberger J. , Sampen S. E. , Sloane H. N. Jr. : Modification of a child's problem behaviours in the home with the mother as therapist. J. Appl. Behav. Anal. 1: 47–54, 1968.

Zinser O. : Imitation, modeling, and cross-cultural training. U.S. Air Force Aerospace Med. Res. Lab.: 1–32, 1966.