Abstract
In recent years many new methods which alleviate phobic disorders have been introduced. These include desensitization, operant shaping, flooding (implosion), prolonged exposure, paradoxical intention, modelling, cognitive rehearsal and intravenous short-acting sedatives. Different theories have been invoked to explain the action of these procedures, and these are often contradictory. Current evidence suggests that the same therapeutic principle is responsible for the efficacy of most of these methods, this being the continued exposure to the phobic situation until anxiety and avoidance responses are extinguished. This exposure is greatly facilitated when carried out in real life rather than in phantasy. The conditions for successful exposure are explored and other possible therapeutic elements are discussed.