The pertinent literature on lithium has been reviewed. It appears that in recent years there is renewed interest in the drug, its general and specific usage, its toxic effects and its research. It seems to have been generally accepted as specifically effective in the treatment of acute manic psychosis, and also it is believed to be useful as a prophylactic agent in selected cases of recurrent affective disorders.
References
1.
AnnellAnna-Lisa: Lithium in the treatment of children and adolescents. Acta Psychiat. Scand. Suppl.207: pp. 19–33, 1969.
2.
BaastrupP. C., and SchouM.: Lithium as a prophylactic agent: Its effect against recurrent depressions and manic depressive psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.16: pp. 162–172, 1967.
3.
BakerM. A., and WinokurG.: Cerebrospinal fluid lithium in manic illness. Brit. J. Psychiat.112: pp. 163–165, 1966.
4.
BihlerO., and AdamicS.: The effect of lithium intestinal sugar transport. Biochemic. Biophys. Acta135: pp. 466–474, 1967.
5.
BlackwellB., and ShepherdM.: Prophylactic lithium: Another therapeutic myth?Lancet, 1: 968–9711968.
6.
BrauerW.: Uses of lithium carbonate in private psychiatric practice. Minn. Med.51: 109–111 (Jan.) 1968.
7.
BunneyW. E.,Jr., and DavisJ. M.: Norepinephrine in depressive reactions. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.13: pp. 483–494, 1965.
8.
BunneyW. E.,Jr., GoodwinF. K., DavisJ. M., and FawcettJ. A.: A behavioural-biochemical study of lithium treatment. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: pp. 499–512, (Oct.) 1968.
9.
CadeJ. F. J.: Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med. J. Aust.36 (II): 349–352, 1949.
10.
CoatsD. A., TrautnerE. M., and GershonS.: The treatment of lithium poisoning. Aust. Ann. Med.6: pp. 11–15, 1957.
11.
ColburnR. W., GoodwinF. K., MurphyD. L., BunneyW. E.,Jr., and DavisJ. M.: Effect of lithium treatment on the uptake of norepinephrine by synaptosomes. Nature, 215: 1395–13971967.
12.
CoppenA.: Mineral metabolism in affective disorders. Brit. J. Psychiat.111: pp. 1133–1142, 1965.
13.
CoppenA., MallesonA., and ShawD. M.: Effects of lithium carbonate on electrolyte distribution in man. Lancet, 1: 682–6831965.
14.
CoppenA., and ShawD. M.: Mineral metabolism in melancholia. Brit. Med. J.2: pp. 1439–1444, (Dec. 7), 1963.
15.
CoppenA., ShawD. M., MallesonA., and CostainR.: Mineral metabolism in mania. Brit. Med. J.1: 71, 1966.
16.
CorcoranA. C., TaylorR. D., and PageI. H.: Lithium poisoning from the use of salt substitutes. J.A.M.A.139: pp. 685–688, 1949.
17.
DysonW. L., and MendelsJ.: Lithium and depression. Curr. Ther. Res.10: pp. 601–608, (Dec.) 1968.
18.
EpsteinR., GrantL., and HerjanicM.: Urinary excretion of lithium in mania. J.A.M.A.192: pp. 409–410, 1965.
19.
FieveR. R., and PlatmanS. R.: Lithium and thyroid functions in manic-depressive psychosis. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: 527–530 (Oct.) 1968.
20.
FieveR. R., PlatmanS. R., and PlutchikR. R.: The use of lithium in affective disorders. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: 487–498 (Oct.) 1968.
21.
FurlongF. W., and LubyE. D.: Lithium in the control of mania. Int. J. Neuropsychiat.3: pp. 348–353, 1967.
22.
GershonS.: Uses of lithium salts in psychiatric disorders. Dis. Nerv. Syst.29: 51–55 (Jan.) 1968.
23.
GershonS., and YuwilerA.: The lithium ion: A specific psychopharmacological approach to the treatment of mania. J. Neuropsychiat.1: pp. 229–241, 1960.
24.
GreenspanK., GreenR., and DurellJ.: Retention and distribution patterns of lithium. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: pp. 512–519, (Oct.) 1968.
25.
GreenspanK., GoodwinF. K., BunneyW. E., and DurellJ.: Lithium ion retention and distribution. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.19: 664–678 (Dec.) 1968.
26.
HartiganG. P.: The use of lithium salts in affective disorders. Brit. J. Psychiat.109: pp. 810–814, 1963.
27.
HullinR. P., McDonaldR., AndersonW., and McGeraghtyS. W.: Prophylactic lithium. Lancet1: pp. 1155–1156, (May 25) 1968.
28.
HullinR. P., McDonaldR., and DransfieldG. A.: Metabolic balance studies on the effect of lithium salts in manic-depressive psychosis. Paper read at the Fourth World Congress of Psychiatry (Sept.), 1966.
29.
HullinR. P., SwinscoeJ. C., McDonaldR., and DransfieldG. A.: Metabolic balance studies on the effect of lithium salts in manic-depressive psychosis. Brit. J. Psychiat.114: 1561–1573 (Dec.) 1968.
30.
JohnsonG., GershonS., and HekimianL.: Controlled evaluation of lithium and chlorpromazine in the treatment of manic states. Compr. Psychiat.9: 563–573 (Nov.) 1968.
31.
KatzM. M., ColeJ. O., and LoweryH. A.: Studies of the diagnostic process: the influence of symptom perception, past experience, and ethnic background on diagnostic decisions. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: 937–947 (Jan.) 1969.
32.
KingstoneE.: The lithium treatment of hypomania and manic states. Compr. Psychiat.1: pp. 317–320, 1960.
PlatmanS. R., and FieveR. R.: Biochemical aspects of lithium in affective disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.19: 659–663 (Dec.) 1968.
40.
PlatmanS. R., and FieveR. R.: Lithium retention and excretion. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.20: 285–289 (Mar.) 1969.
41.
RadomskiJ. L., FuyatH. N., NelsonA. A., and SmithP. K.: The toxic effects, excretion and distribution of lithium chloride. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.100: pp. 429–444, 1950.
42.
SandiferM. G.,Jr., HordernA., TimburyG. C., and GreenL. M.: Similarities and differences in patient evaluation by U.S. and U.K. psychiatrists. Amer. J. Psychiat.126: pp. 206–212, (Aug.), 1969.
43.
SchanbergS. M., SchildkrautJ. J., and KopinI. J.: The effects of psychoactive drugs on norepinephrine-H metabolism in brain. Biochem. Pharmacol.16: pp. 393–399, 1967.
44.
SchildkrautJ. J.: The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders. Amer. J. Psychiat.122: pp. 509–522, 1965.
45.
SchlagenhaufG., TupinJ., and WhiteR. B.: The use of lithium carbonate in the treatment of manic psychoses. Amer. J. Psychiat.123: pp. 201–206, 1966.
46.
SchouM.: Biology and pharmacology of the lithium ion. Pharmacol. Rev.9: 17–581957.
47.
SchouM.: Lithium in psychiatric therapy. Stocktaking after ten years. Psychopharmacologia1: pp. 65–78, 1959.
48.
SchouM.: Normothymotics, ‘Mood-Normalizers’. Are lithium and the imipramine drugs specific for affective disorders?Brit. J. Psychiat.109: pp. 803–809, 1963.
49.
SchouM.: Lithium in Psychiatry. Paper presented at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Meeting, Puerto Rico, 1967.
50.
SchouM.: Lithium in psychiatric therapy and prophylaxis. J. Psychiat. Res.6: 67–95 (June) 1968.
51.
SchouM., AmdisenA., Eskjaer JensenS., and OlsenT.: Occurrence of goitre during lithium treatment. Brit. Med. J.3: 710–713 (Sept. 21) 1968.
52.
SchouM., AmdisenA., and Trap-JensenJ.: Lithium poisoning. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: 520–527 (Oct.) 1968.
53.
SchouM., and BaastrupP.: Lithium treatment of manic-depressive disorder: dosage and control. J.A.M.A.201: pp. 696–698, 1967.
54.
SchouM., Juel-NielsenN., StrömgrenE., and VoldbyH.: The treatment of manic psychoses by the administration of lithium salts. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat.17: pp. 250–260, 1954.
55.
ShopsinB., BlumM., and GershonS.: Lithium-induced thyroid disturbance; case report and review. Compr. Psychiat.7: pp. 215–223, (May) 1960.
56.
SlettenI., and GershonS.: The premenstrual syndrome: A discussion of its pathophysiology and treatment with lithium. Compr. Psychiat.7: pp. 198–206, 1966.
57.
SlettenI., PichardoJ., KorolB., and GershonS.: The effect of chlorpromazine on lithium excretion in psychiatric subjects. Curr. Ther. Res.8: 441–446 (Sept.) 1966.
58.
SpringG. K., SchweidD., SteinbergJ., and BondD.: Prophylactic use of lithium carbonate?J.A.M.A.208: 1901–1903 (June 9) 1969.
59.
ThomsenK., and SchouM.: Renal lithium excretion in man. Amer. J. Physiol.215: pp. 823–827, 1968.
60.
TrautnerE. M., MorrisR., NoackC. H., and GershonS.: The excretion and retention of ingested lithium and its effects on the ionic balance of man. Med. J. Aust.42: pp. 280–291, 1955.
61.
TupinJ. P., SchlagenhaufG. K., and CresonD. L.: Lithium effects on electrolyte excretion. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: 536–548 (Oct.) 1968.
62.
WarwickL. H.: Lithium salts in treatment of manic states. Dis. Nerv. Syst.27: pp. 527–530, 1966.
63.
WhartonR. N., and FieveR. R.: The use of lithium in the affective psychoses. Amer. J. Psychiat.132: pp. 706–712, 1966.
64.
WhiteR. B., SchlagenhaufG., and TupinJ. P.: The treatment of manic depressive states with lithium carbonate. Curr. Psychiat. Ther.6: pp. 230–242, 1966.
65.
WilliamsonB.: Psychiatry since lithium. Dis. Nerv. Syst.27: pp. 775–782, 1966.
66.
WolpertE. A., and MullerP.: Lithium carbonate in the treatment of manic-depressive disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.21: 155–159 (Aug.) 1969.
67.
ZallH., ThermanP. G., and MyersJ. M.: Lithium carbonate: a clinical study. Amer. J. Psychiat.125: 549–555 (Oct.) 1968.