Aggression as a basic drive was considered by Freud to arise from the Death Instinct i.e. it was viewed as a counter-drive to libido. Objectors to this theory view aggression as normal if it tends to preserve the individual and the species, and pathological if it does not. They regard aggression, not as a basic drive, but as an outgrowth of frustration in goal-attainment. Elements of pathological aggression include deprivation, inadequacy, and conditioned hostility. The overt, antisocial act may be precipitated by anything which, symbolically or actually, seems to intensify the above factors. Aggression is most intense toward individuals who can either gratify or frustrate basic needs, i.e. family and friends. Elements of aggression may be seen in a great many situations; a few of these are examined.
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