Cannabis Use for Medicinal Purposes among Canadian University Students

Abstract

Objective:

The study sought to describe a Canadian sample of university students’ medicinal use of cannabis, including prevalence of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and replacement of traditional treatments with cannabis.

Method:

A random sample of 4000 university students was asked to complete a cross-sectional web-based survey. The survey was completed by 2212 (average age 23.2 years, SD = 5.2 years), representing a 55.3% response rate. To be eligible, students had to be enrolled in a class on campus and were 18 years or older.

Result:

Half (52%) of respondents used cannabis at least once in their lifetime, with ∼11% reporting medicinal cannabis use. Recreational motives to use cannabis were common among medicinal users (85%), several (38%) replaced traditional medication with cannabis, and more than a third received authorization by a health care provider. Of the medicinal users, 13.6% met the criteria for CUD. Common ailments for medicinal cannabis use were anxiety, sleep problems, depression, and pain. When mental health–related categories are combined, 78.2% of medicinal users used for at least 1 mental health condition.

Conclusions:

Medicinal cannabis use occurs among university students. None of the ailments listed by medicinal users meet the Canadian Family Physicians prescribing guidelines, and most are not among those viewed by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine as having strong evidence for therapeutic value. The results raise concerns for health care providers who are authorizing or counselling patients’ considering medicinal cannabis.

The number of registered medicinal cannabis users in Canada has more than tripled since 2016. ¹ The medicinal cannabis market has become increasingly competitive, with medicinal dispensaries promoting cannabis for an array of medical ailments ranging from mental illnesses to physical conditions. ² Although dispensaries promote cannabis as a panacea for numerous disorders, the scientific evidence supporting its efficacy is often overstated or insufficient, and use has been associated with adverse outcomes. ^3,4 Recently, the Canadian clinical practice guidelines ⁵ and National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine in the United States ⁶ recommended limiting medicinal cannabis to a narrow subset of medical conditions, including palliative and neuropathic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis.

Although general authorization guidelines have been proposed, little is known about how medicinal cannabis use may differ among subpopulations, including emerging adults (18-25 years of age). Emerging adults have historically demonstrated higher estimates of cannabis use when compared to other age groups. ⁷ Society’s changing beliefs about cannabis use and its legal status are having an impact on young people’s decision making, including declining perceptions that cannabis use is harmful. ⁸ Recognizing cannabis as a valid treatment for illness management may be downplaying the potential risks associated with use. ⁹ Despite cannabis representing a treatment for some conditions, there is an inherent risk with use among this age group given the potential impact of cannabinoids on the developing brain and potential increases in the risk for mental health conditions. ^10,11 To better understand cannabis use among emerging adults, the current study investigated medicinal use among a Canadian university sample, a group, by virtue of their age, is at an elevated risk for cannabis use.

Materials and Methods

In March 2018, a random sample of 4000 University of Calgary (Alberta, Canada) students were invited via email to participate in UCalgary’s Campus Experience with Cannabis, a 15- to 25-minute online survey. The current study represents a subset of the findings from the survey. A simple random sample method was employed, where each student included in the sampling frame had an equal opportunity of being included in the study. The sampling frame from which the sample was drawn was provided by the University of Calgary’s Registrar’s Office and included all graduate and undergraduate students older than 18 years enrolled in at least 1 class (including international students). Participants were provided with a written informed consent prior to starting the survey. A $10 honorarium was offered for participation. The study was approved by the University of Calgary’s Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board (REB18-0184). Following the protocol as described by Dillman and colleagues, ¹² a total of 4 reminders spaced 1 week apart were sent via email yielding a final sample of 2212 participants (55.3% response rate). Given the study’s exploratory objective, descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 25 (SPSS, Inc., an IBM Company, Chicago, IL).

Measures

Recreational use

Recreational use was a composite variable consisting of 2 motives from the Marijuana Motives Measure ¹³ (MMM). Participants who endorsed “never or almost never” to using cannabis to “get high and to have fun” were coded as nonrecreational users. Those who endorsed using cannabis at least “some of the time” to “get high or to have fun” were coded as recreational users.

Medicinal cannabis use

Participants were asked if they had ever used cannabis for medicinal purposes. If so, they were asked to report the frequency of their medicinal use (i.e., no use in the past 6 months, monthly or less, 2-4 times a month, 2-3 times a week, or 4 or more times a week). In addition, respondents were asked if they had been prescribed cannabis by a health care practitioner (yes/no), if they had used cannabis to replace a previously prescribed medication (yes/no), and what physical or mental health–related issues were they using cannabis for via an open-ended item.

Cannabis use disorder: Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test–Revised

For those reporting cannabis use during the prior 6 months, criteria for cannabis use disorder (CUD) was assessed by the 8-item Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test–Revised (CUDIT-R), ¹⁴ where scores greater than 12 are indicative of CUD.

Results

Table 1 describes the sample’s demographics, lifetime cannabis use, and motives for use. More than half used cannabis at least once in their lifetime. Regarding motives, 56% used only recreationally, 18.1% used both medicinally and recreationally, 3% were medicinal only, and 23.2% did not endorse the criteria for either motive. In total, 21.1% of lifetime users reported medicinal cannabis use and 74.1% reported recreational use.

Table 1.

Demographics, Lifetime Cannabis Use, and Medicinal and Recreational Motives.

Variable	No. (%)
Female	1259 (57.1)
Undergraduate student	1789 (81.2)
Living in residence	159 (7.2)
Varsity athlete	66 (3.0)
Lifetime cannabis use	1143 (52.3)
Motives
Recreational use only	633 (56.0)
Both medicinal and recreational use	206 (18.1)
Medicinal use only	34 (3.0)
Neither motive endorsed	263 (23.2)
Age, mean (SD), y	23.2 (5.2)

The percentages provided are for valid responses only as not all participants provided responses each time. When only lifetime medicinal users are considered, 85% endorsed both medicinal and recreational use.

In Table 2, medicinal cannabis users are described with respect to frequency of medicinal cannabis use, authorization of medicinal cannabis by a health care provider, replacement of traditional treatment with cannabis, and CUD.

Table 2.

Description of Lifetime Medicinal Cannabis Users (n = 240).

Variable	No. (%)
Frequency of medicinal use
Not used in past 6 months	36 (15.0)
Monthly or less	70 (29.2)
2-4 times a month	43 (17.9)
2-3 times a week	38 (15.8)
4 or more times a week	53 (22.1)
Authorized by health care providers	85 (35.3)
Substitution of traditional treatment(s) with cannabis	92 (38.2)
CUDIT-R >12	33 (13.6)

CUDIT-R, Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test–Revised.

The percentages provided are for valid responses only as not all participants provided responses each time.

The majority of medicinal users used infrequently and more than a third (35%) reported that medicinal cannabis use was authorized by a health care professional. Nearly 40% had replaced traditional medication with cannabis to treat their ailment. Of the medicinal users, 13.6% met criteria for CUD in the past 6 months. The 4 most common ailments cited for medicinal cannabis use were anxiety (49.2%), sleep problems (26%), depression (25%), and pain (24%) (Figure 1). Of the medicinal users, 78.2% (n = 176) endorsed use for at least 1 mental health condition.

Figure 1.

Purported ailments (n = 225, reporting over 400 ailments). In total, 112 (49.8%) of participants reported using cannabis to treat more than 1 ailment. GI issues included menstrual symptoms, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel disease, diabetes, and appetite. CNS included migraines, headaches, epilepsy, and brain damage. Psychiatric other included attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder, and suicidal ideation. CNS, central nervous system; GI, gastrointestinal; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.

Discussion

Lifetime cannabis use for medicinal purposes is relatively common in this university sample (∼11%). Many students reported medicinal cannabis use to relieve anxiety or depression, and one-third replaced a traditional treatment with cannabis. These findings are concerning based on the US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine recommendation against cannabis use for mental health conditions. Cannabis use among individuals with depression has been associated with poorer outcomes, ¹⁵ with evidence indicating more intense or disordered cannabis use preceding and even contributing to the onset of depressive symptomology. ¹⁶ Cannabis use may also exacerbate anxiety and potentially induce panic attacks, ³ as well as contribute to the onset and course of psychosis. ¹⁷ The ailments reported by medicinal users in the sample do not match Canadian clinical practice guidelines, which limits medicinal cannabis use to treating palliative pain, spasticity, and chemotherapy-induced nausea. ⁵

Approximately 35% of medicinal users in the survey reported authorization of cannabis by a health care provider. Although respondents were not asked to indicate the ailment for which cannabis was authorized, the ailments reported would suggest that professional authorization practices are inconsistent with evidence-based guidelines. The discrepancy between evidence and practice may reflect limited knowledge regarding the therapeutic value of medicinal cannabis use. Consistent with this position, Balneaves et al. ¹⁸ and Ziemianski et al. ¹⁹ found a need for further education and training on medicinal cannabis among prescribing health care professionals in Canada.

While the study did not address why medicinal users chose to use cannabis for their ailments, it is plausible that social norms, as well as current advertising and business marketing strategies, are influencing behaviours. There is notable similarity between the most frequent purported ailments in this study and in the top ailments touted by American cannabis dispensaries. ² Exposure to medicinal cannabis advertisement has also been found to be associated with greater cannabis use and negative health outcomes among adolescents. ²⁰ Marketing by medical cannabis dispensaries promoting cannabis as a panacea may also be influencing behaviours among university students.

This study showed that medicinal cannabis users are engaging in cannabis use for reasons beyond ailment management, with over 85% endorsing recreational motives. High rates of recreational use amongst this group appear to confirm clinicians’ suspicions that patients may be misrepresenting their motives when seeking medical authorization for cannabis. ¹⁹ The risk of abuse is also concerning, as 13.6% of the sample met criteria for CUD. This is consistent with other studies that have found a high prevalence of CUD among medicinal cannabis users. ²¹ The risk for cannabis dependence, combined with a sensitive period of brain development, may further predispose this age group to greater cannabis-related harm. Further investigations are needed to better describe the trajectory of health outcomes among university students who are medicinal cannabis users.

Limitations

The study has several limitations worth noting. Participants were not asked if they had been prescribed traditional medication for their purported ailments or what medication they had replaced. Thus, it is unknown what ailments were treated or what traditional treatments were replaced with cannabis. Not all university students check their emails, which may have limited participation, and respondents were unable to ask for clarification as they would in a laboratory setting.

Conclusions

The results of this study have specific implications for health care providers when considering authorization of medicinal cannabis. Physicians should caution against medicinal cannabis for treating conditions that are not evidence based, especially as it would relate to mental disorders, and should be alert to the diverse ailments and motives of those seeking medicinal cannabis. All patients requesting an authorization of medicinal cannabis should be screened for CUD. Physicians who are prescribing evidence-based treatments should caution against the use of medicinal cannabis until further research clarifies if these conditions could be worsened by either medicinal or recreational use.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material, Medicinal.Cannabis.Use.Among.Canadian.University.Students.2018.08.09 - Cannabis Use for Medicinal Purposes among Canadian University Students

Supplemental Material, Medicinal.Cannabis.Use.Among.Canadian.University.Students.2018.08.09 for Cannabis Use for Medicinal Purposes among Canadian University Students by Jacqueline M. Smith, Joel Mader, Andrew C. H. Szeto, Amelia M. Arria, Ken C. Winters and T. Chris R. Wilkes in The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry