Epidemiologic and Clinical Perspectives on Antipsychotic Treatment of Children and Adolescents

Pathak P West D Martin BC , Evidence-based use of second-generation antipsychotics in a state Medicaid pediatric population, 2001–2005. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61;123–129.

Alexander GC Gallagher SA Mascola A , Increasing off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the United States, 1995–2008. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20:177–184.

Patten SB Waheed W Bresee L. A review of pharmacoepidemiologic studies of antipsychotic use in children and adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(12):717–721.

Pringsheim T Gorman D. Second-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of disruptive behaviour disorders in children: A systematic review. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(12):722–727.

Verdoux H Tournier M Bégaud B. Antipsychotic prescribing trends: A review of pharmaco-epidemiological studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121:4–10.

Garland AF Hough RL McCabe KM , Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in youths across five sectors of care. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:409–418.

Post RM Leverich G Altshuler LL , Differential clinical characteristics, medication usage, and treatment response of bipolar disorder in the US versus the Netherlands and Germany. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:96–106.

Kazdin AE . Treatments for aggressive and antisocial children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2000;9:841–858.

Lochman JE Powell NP Boxmeyer CL , Cognitive-behavioral therapy for externalizing disorders in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;20:305–318.

Pringsheim T Lam D Patten SB . The pharmacoepidemiology of antipsychotic medications for Canadian children and adolescents: 2005–2009. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;21(6):537–543.

Ruof J Mittendorf T Pirk O , Diffusion of innovations: Treatment of Alzheimer's disease in Germany. Health Policy. 2002:60:59–66.

Reyes M Buitelaar J Toren P , A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of risperidone maintenance treatment in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:402–410.

Vitiello B Correll C Zwieten-Boot B , Antipsychotic in children and adolescents: Increasing use, evidence for efficacy and safety concerns. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;19:629–635.

Correll CU Lencz T Malhotra AK . Antipsychotic drugs and obesity. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17(2):97–107.

Andrade SE Lo JC Fouayzi H , Antipsychotic medication use among children and risk of diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2011;128:1135–1141.

Sikich L Frazier JA McClellan J , Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: Findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165(11): 1420–1431.

Correll CU Manu P Olshanskiy V , Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009;302(16): 1765–1773.

Crystal S Olfson M Huang C , Broadened use of atypical antipsychotic drugs: Safety, effectiveness, and policy challenges. Health Aff (Millwood). 2009;28(5):770–781.

Armenteros JL Lewis JE Davalos M. Risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:558–565.