Why Has Natural Selection Left Us So Vulnerable to Anxiety and Mood Disorders?

Bateson M Brilot B Nettle D. Anxiety: An evolutionary approach. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(12):707–715.

Hagen EH . Evolutionary theories of depression: A critical review. Can J Psychiatry. 2011;56(12):716–726.

Nesse RM Ellsworth PC . Evolution, emotions, and emotional disorders. Am Psychol. 2009;64(2):129–139.

Nesse RM Williams GC . Why we get sick—the new science of Darwinian medicine. New York (NY): Times Books; 1994.

Nesse RM Bergstrom CT Ellison PT Making evolutionary biology a basic science for medicine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(Suppl 1):1800–1807.

Barlow DH . Anxiety and its disorders. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 1988.

Marks IM . Fears, phobias, and rituals. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 1987.

Marks IM Nesse RM . Fear and fitness: An evolutionary analysis of anxiety disorders. Ethol Sociobiol. 1994;15(5–6):247–261.

Nesse RM Klaas R. Risk perception by patients with anxiety disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182:465–470.

Nesse RM . Ten questions for evolutionary studies of disease vulnerability. Evol Appl. 2011;4(2):264–277.