Community Treatment Orders for Psychiatric Patients: The Emperor with No Clothes

Lawton-Smith S. A question of numbers: The potential impact of community-based treatment orders in England and Wales. London (UK): King's Fund; 2005.

Kisely S Campbell LA Preston N. Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database Systematic Review 2005 Jul 20;3:CD004408.

O'Reilly RL Keegan DL Elias JW . A survey of the use of community treatment orders by psychiatrists in Saskatchewan. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45:79–81.

O'Reilly RL Brooks SA Chaimowitz GA Neilson GE Carr PE Zikos E , and others. Mandatory outpatient treatment. CPA Position Paper 2003–43. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Psychiatric Association; 2003. Available: www.cpa-apc.org/Publications/Position_Papers/mandatory.asp. Accessed 2006 Jun 29.

Geller JL McDermeit M Grudzinskas AJ Lawlor T Fisher WH . A competency-based approach to court-ordered outpatient treatment. New Dir Ment Health Serv 1997;75:81–95.

Preston NJ Kisely S Xiao J. Assessing the outcome of compulsory psychiatry treatment in the community: Epidemiological study in Western Australia. BMJ 2002;324:1244–6.

Kisely SR Xiao J Preston NJ . Impact of compulsory community treatment on admission rates: Survival analysis using linked mental health and offender databases. Br J Psychiatry 2004;84:432–8.

Steadman HJ Gounis K Dennis D Hopper K Roche B Swartz M , and others. Assessing the New York City Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Pilot Program. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:330–6.

Swartz MS Swanson JW Hiday VA Wagner HR Burns BJ Borum R. A randomized controlled trial of outpatient commitment in North Carolina. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:325–9.

Swanson JW Swartz MS Wagner HR Hiday VA Wagner HR Burns BJ . Involuntary out-patient commitment and reduction of violent behaviour in persons with severe mental illness. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176:324–31.

Wagner H.R. Swartz M.S. Swanson JW Burns BJ . Does involuntary outpatient commitment lead to more intensive treatment? Psychology, Public Policy and Law 2003:9:145–58.