SeemanP.Atypical antipsychotics: Mechanism of action. Can J Psychiatry2002;47:27–38.
2.
SeemanPTallericoT.Antipsychotic drugs which elicit little or no Parkinsonism bind more loosely than dopamine to brain D2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors. Mol Psychiatry1998;3:123–34.
3.
SeemanPTallericoT.Rapid release of antipsychotic drugs from dopamine D2 receptors: An explanation for low receptor occupancy and early clinical relapse upon drug withdrawal of clozapine or quetiapine. Am J Psychiatry1999;156:876–84.
4.
KapurSSeemanP.Does fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?—a new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry2001;158:360–9.
5.
KapurSSeemanP.Antipsychotic agents differ in how fast they come off the dopamine D2 receptors. Implications for atypical antipsychotic action. J Psychiatry Neurosci2000;25:161–6.
6.
KapurSZipurskyRJonesCShammiCSRemingtonGSeemanP.A positron emission tomography study of quetiapine in schizophrenia—a preliminary finding of an antipsychotic effect with only transiently high dopamine D2 receptor occupancy. Arch Gen Psychiatry2000;57:553–9.
7.
KapurSSeemanPZipurskyRRemingtonGJ. Fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor (not high affinity at multiple receptors) is the key to “atypical” antipsychotics. Schizophr Res2001;49(1,2 Suppl):92.
8.
KapurSMcClellandRAVanderspeckSCWadenbergM-LBakerGNobregaJ, and others. Increasing D2 affinity results in the loss of clozapine's atypical antipsychotic action. Neuroreport2002;13:831–5.
9.
VanderspeckSCBrownleeBANobregaJMcClellandRSeemanPKapurS.Converting a typical antipsychotic into an atypical one—the critical role of D2. Schizophr Res2003. Forthcoming.
10.
SaDSKapurSLangAE. Amoxapine shows an antipsychotic effect but worsens motor function with Parkinson's disease and psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol2001;24:242–4.
11.
HornykiewiczO.Chemical neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia normal and in Parkinson's disease. J Chem Neuroanat2001;22:3–12.
12.
KapurSChoRJonesCMcKayGZipurskyRB. Is amoxapine an atypical antipsychotic? Positronemission tomography investigation of its dopamine2 and serotonin2 occupancy. Biol Psychiatry1999;45:1217–20.
13.
GoetzCGBlasucciLMLeurgansSPappertEJ. Olanzapine and clozapine: Comparative effects on motor function in hallucinating PD patients. Neurology2000;55:789–94.
14.
FriedmanJHFactorSA. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord2000;15:201–11.
15.
AlfaroCLWudarskyMNicolsonRGochmanPSpornALenaneMRapoportJL. Correlation of antipsychotic and prolactin concentrations in children and adolescents acutely treated with haloperidol, clozapine, or olanzapine. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol2002;12:83–91.
16.
MarkianosMHatzimanolisJLykourasLChristodoulouGN. Prolactin responses to acute clomipramine and haloperidol of male schizophrenic patients in a drug-free state and after treament with clozapine or with olanzapine. Schizophr Res2002;56:11–7.
17.
KapurSLangloisXVinkenPMegensAAHPDe CosterRAndrewsJS. The differential effects of atypical antipsychotics on prolactin elevation are explained by their differential blood–brain disposition: A pharmacological analysis in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther2002;302:1129–34.
18.
SultanaAReillyJFentonM.Thioridazine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2000;CD001944.
19.
CrowleyTJHydinger-MacdonaldM.Motility, parkinsonism, and prolactin with thiothixene and thioridazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry1981;38:668–75.
20.
LaduronPMLeysenJE. Is the low incidence of extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotics associated with anti-muscarinic properties?J Pharm Pharmacol1978;30:120–2.
21.
BoldenCCusackBRichelsonE.Clozapine is a potent and selective muscarinic antagonist at the five cloned human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol1991;192:205–6.
22.
ZornSHJonesSBWardKMListonDR. Clozapine is a potent and selective muscarinic M4 receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol1994;269:R1–R2.
23.
SuharaTOkuboYYasunoFSudoYInoueMIchimiyaT, and others. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor binding in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry2002;59:25–30.
24.
ShawPPilowskyLS. Probing cortical sites of antipsychotic drug action with in vivo receptor imaging. Behav Neurol2000;12:3–9.