Arthur, W.B. (1989) “Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events”, Economic Journal99: 116-131.
4.
Bak, P. and Chen, K. (1991) “Self-Organized Criticality”, Scientific American246(1): 46-53.
5.
Bhargava, S.C. , Kumar, A. and Mukherjee, A. (1993) “Stochastic Cellular Automata Model of Innovation Diffusion”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change44: 87-97.
6.
Bhargava, S.C. and Mukherjee, A. (1994) “Evolution of Technological Growth in a Model Based on Stochastic Cellular Automata”, in L. Leydesdorff and P. Van den Besselaar (eds), pp. 55-62.
7.
Burt, R.S. (1982) Towards a Structural Theory of Action. New York: Academic Press.
8.
Dewdney, A.K. (1988) “Computer Recreations: The Hodgepodge Machine Makes Waves”, Scientific American (August): 86-89.
Forrester, J.W. (1971) “Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems”, Technology Review73(3): 52.
11.
Freese, L. (1988) “Evolution and Sociogenesis”, in E.J. Lawler and B. Markovsky (eds) Advances in Group Processes, vol. 5, pp. 53-118. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
12.
Gerhardt. M. and Schuster, H. (1989) “A Cellular Automaton Describing the Formation of Spatially Ordered Structures in Chemical Systems”, Physica D38: 209-221.
13.
Giddens, A. (1979) Central Problems in Social Theory. London: Macmillan.
14.
Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity.
15.
Grasman, J. (1994) “Mathematische sociologie, simulatie en het prisonersdilemma”, in C. van Dijkum and Dorien de Tombe (eds) Simulatie in Nederland: Een stand van zaken, pp. 21-30. Amsterdam: SISWO.
16.
Hanneman, R. (1988) Computer-Assisted Theory Building: Modeling Dynamic Social Systems. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17.
Haraway, D. (1988) “Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective”, Feminist Studies14: 575-599.
18.
Henschel, R.L. (1990) “Credibility and Confidence Loops in Social Prediction”, in F. Geyer and J. Van der Zouwen (eds) Self-Referencing in Social Systems, pp. 31-58. Salinas, CA: Intersystems.
19.
Hinton, G.E. , McClelland, J.L. and Rumelhart, D.E. (1986) “Distributed Representations”, in D.E. Rumelhart, J.L. McClelland and the PDP Group Parallel Distributed Processing, vol. I, pp. 77-109. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
20.
Hogeweg, P. (1988) “Cellular Automata as a Paradigm for Ecological Modeling”, Applications in Math. and Computation27: 81-100.
21.
Kampmann, C. , Haxholdt, C., Mosekilde, E. and Sterman, J.D. (1994) “Entrainment in a Disaggregated Economic Long-wave Model”, in L. Leydesdorff and P. Van den Besselaar (eds), pp. 109-124.
22.
Kaufer, D.S. and Carley, K.M. (1993) Communication at a Distance. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
23.
Kauffman, S.A. (1991) “Antichaos and Adaptation,”Scientific American (August): 64-70.
24.
Knorr-Cetina, K.D. (1981) “Introduction. The micro-sociological challenge to macro-sociology: towards a reconstruction of social theory and method”, in K.D. Knorr-Cetina and A.V. Cicourel (eds) Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
25.
Langton, C.G. (1989) “Artificial Life”, in C.G. Langton (ed.) Artificial Life, pp. 1-47. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.
26.
Langton, C.G. , Taylor, C., Farmer, J.D. and Rasmussen, S. eds, (1992) Artificial Life II. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.
27.
Lazarsfeld, P.F. and Henry, N.W. (1968) Latent Structure Analysis. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
28.
Lee, M.E. (1994) “The Evolution of Technology: A Model of Socio-ecological Self-organization”, in L. Leydesdorff and P. Van den Besselaar (eds), pp. 167-179.
29.
Lewin, R. (1992) “Life and Death in Digital World”, New Scientist133(22 February): 36-39.
30.
Leydesdorff, L. (1991) “The Static and Dynamic Analysis of Network Data Using Information Theory”, Social Networks13: 263-268.
31.
Leydesdorff, L. (1992a) “Knowledge Representations, Bayesian Inferences, and Empirical Science Studies”, Social Science Information31: 213-237.
32.
Leydesdorff, L. (1992b) “The Impact of EC Science Policies on the Transnational Publication System”, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management4: 279-298.
33.
Leydesdorff, L. (1993) “ `Structure'/`Action' Contingencies and the Model of Parallel Distributed Processing”, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour23: 47-77.
34.
Leydesdorff, L. (1994) “The Evolution of Communication Systems”, International Journal of Systems Research and Information Science6: 219-230.
35.
Leydesdorff, L. (1995) The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self-Organization of Scientific Communication. Leiden: DSWO Press Leiden University.
36.
Leydesdorff, L. and Van den Besselaar, P., eds (1994) Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory: New Directions in Technology Studies. London: Pinter.
37.
Luhmann, N. (1984) Soziale Systeme. Grundriss einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp.
38.
Maruyama, M. (1963) “The Second Cybernetics: Deviation-amplifying Mutual Causal Processes”, American Scientist51: 333-357.
39.
May, R. (1976) “Simple Mathematical Models with Very Complicated Dynamics”, Nature261: 459-467.
40.
Parisi, D. (1994) “Science as History”, Social Science Information33: 621-647.
41.
Pearl, J. (1988) Probabilistic Reasoning and Artificial Intelligence: Networks of Plausible Inference. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufman.
42.
Popper, K.R. (1934) The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Hutchinson, 1959.
43.
Rumelhart, D.E. , McClelland, J.L. and the PDP Group (1986) Parallel Distributed Processing. Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press.
44.
Schumpeter, J.A. (1939) Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis. London: Allen & Unwin.
45.
Shinn, T. (1987) “Géometrie et langage: la structure des modèles en sciences sociales et en sciences physiques”, Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique1(16): 5-38.
46.
Simon, H.A. (1969) The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press.
47.
Simon, H.A. (1973) “The Organization of Complex Systems”, in H.H. Pattee (ed.) Hierarchy Theory: The Challenge of Complex Systems, pp. 1-27. New York: George Braziller.
48.
Smolensky, P. (1986) “Information Processing in Dynamical Systems: Foundations of Harmony Theory”, in D.E. Rumelhartet al. (eds), vol. I, pp. 194-281.
49.
Swenson, R. (1989) “Emergent Attractors and the Law of Maximum Entropy Production: Foundations to a Theory of General Evolution”. Systems Research6: 187-197.
50.
Theil, H. (1972) Statistical Decomposition Analysis. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
51.
Ulam, S. (1962) “On Some Mathematical Problems Connected with Patterns of Growth of Figures”, Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics14: 215-224.
52.
Von Neumann, J. (1966) Theory of Self-reproducing Automata. Edited and completed by A.W. Burks. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
53.
Wolfram, S. (1983) “Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Automata”, Review of Modern Physics55: 601-644.
54.
Wolfram, S. (1984a) “Universality and Complexity in Cellular Automata”, Physica D10: 1-35.
55.
Wolfram, S. (1984b) “Cellular Automata as Models of Complexity”, Nature311: 419-424.
56.
Zuyderhoudt, R.W.L. (1990) “Chaos and the Dynamics of Self-Organization”, Human Systems Management9: 225-238.