Comparing national patterns of medical specialization: a contribution to the theory of professions

Aaron, H.J. and Schwartz, W.B. (1984) The Painful Prescription: Rationing Hospital Care. Washington, DC: Brookings.

Alexander, J.C. and Colomy, P. , eds (1990) Differentiation Theory and Social Change: Comparative and Historical Perspectives. New York: Columbia University Press.

American Board of Medical Specialties (1990) Annual Report & Reference Handbook - 1990. Evanston, IL: ABMS.

Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (1988) Neue ausbaufähige ärztliche Tätigkeitsfelder. Düsseldorf: AWMF.

Armer, M. (1973) “Methodological Problems and Possibilities in Comparative Research”, in M. Armer and A.D. Grimshaw (eds), Comparative Social Research: Methodological Problems and Strategies, pp. 49-79. New York: John Wiley.

Ben-David, J. (1960) “Roles and Innovations in Medicine”, American Journal of Sociology 65: 557-568.

Berkowitz, E.D. (1981) “The Federal Government and the Emergence of Rehabilitation Medicine”, Historian 43: 530-545.

Berlant, J.L. (1975) Profession and Monopoly: A Study of Medicine in the United States and Great Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bochnik, H.J. and Demisch, K. (1985) “Ärztliche Koordinationskompetenzen müssen Spezialisierung ergänzen”, in G. Buchholz , E. Doppelfeld and H.-D. Fischer (eds), Der Arzt - Profil eines freien Berufes im Gesundheitswesen, pp. 186-209. Köln: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag.

Braun, D. (1990) “Die Einflussmöglichkeiten der Forschungsförderung auf strukturspezifische Probleme der Gesundheitsforschung in der Bundesrepublik”, Ms. Köln: Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung.

Brocklehurst, J.C. , et al. (1989) “Interface Between Geriatric and General Medicine”, Health Trends 21 (2): 48-50.

Bucher, R. (1972) “Pathology: A Study of Social Movements within a Profession”, in E. Freidson and J. Lorber (eds) Medical Men and Their Work, pp. 113-173. Chicago/New York: Aldine/Atherton (first published 1962).

Bucher, R. and Strauss, A. (1961) “Professions in Process”, American Journal of Sociology 66: 325-334.

Bundesärztekammer (1986) Gesundheits- und sozialpolitische Vorstellungen der deutschen Ärzteschaft. Köln: Deutscher Ärzteverlag.

Bundesärztekammer (1988) Tätigkeitsbericht '88. Köln: Deutscher Ärzteverlag.

Burrage, M. , Jarausch, K. and Siegrist, H. (1990) “An Actor-based Framework for the Study of the Professions”, in M. Burrage and R. Torstendahl (eds) Professions in Theory and History. Rethinking the Study of the Professions, pp. 203-225. London/Newbury Park: Sage.

Bussche, H. van den (1986) “The Growth of Medical Specialization in Europe since World War Two II”, Hamburg (forthcoming in: Cahiers de Sociologie et Démographie Médicales).

Carboni, D.K. (1982) Geriatric Medicine in the United States and Great Britain. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Czinkata, M. , Johnson, W.J. and Jelly, E.C. (1980) “Medicine and Marketing: The Case of Graduate Medical Education”, Journal of Medical Education 55: 906-911.

DeLisa, J.A. (1989) “Certificates for Added/Special Qualifications. Status Report and Implications for the Field”, American Journal of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 68 (4): 172-178.

DHSS (1969) Digest of Health Statistics for England and Wales. London: HMSO.

DHSS (various edns) Health and Personal Social Services Statistics for England. London: HMSO.

Doan, B.-D.-H. (1977) “Specialization of Physicians: Levels and Trends in some Industrialized Countries”, World Health Statistical Report 30 (3): 207-226.

Döhler, M. (1991) “Policy Networks, Opportunity Structures and Neo-conservative Reform Strategies in Health Policy”, in B. Marin and R. Mayntz (eds) Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations, pp. 235-296. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus.

Dowie, R. (1987) Postgraduate Medical Education and Training: The System in England and Wales. London: King Edward's Hospital Fund for London.

Eulner, H.-H. (1967) “Das Spezialistentum in der ärztlichen Praxis”, in W. Artelt and W. Ruegg (eds) Der Arzt und der Kranke in der Gesellschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts, pp. 17-34. Stuttgart: Enke.

Freidson, E. (1979) Der Ärztestand. Berufs- und wissenschaftssoziologische Durchleuchtung einer Profession. Stuttgart: Enke.

Fryer, G.E. (1991) “The United States Medical Profession: An Abnormal Form of the Division of Labour”, Sociology of Health and Illness 13 (2): 213-230.

Galdston, I. (1959) “The Natural History of Specialism”, Journal of the American Medical Association 170 (3): 104-107.

Goode, W. (1969) “Theoretical Limits of Professionalization”, in A. Etzioni (ed.), The Semi-Professions and Their Organization, pp. 266-313. New York: Free Press.

Grad, F.R. and Marti, N. (1980) Physicians' Licensure and Discipline. Dobbs Ferry/New York: Oceana.

Greenwood, E. (1957) “Attributes of a Profession”, Social Work 2: 45-55.

Gritzer, G. (1981) “Occupational Specialization in Medicine: Knowledge and Market Explanations”, Research in the Sociology of Health Care 2: 251-283.

Gritzer, G. and Arluke, A. (1985) The Making of Rehabilitation. A Political Economy of Medical Specialization 1890-1980. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.

Hall, M.A. and Ellman, I.M. (1990) Health Care Law and Ethics. St Paul, MN: West Publishing.

Halpern, S.A. (1988) American Pediatrics. The Social Dynamics of Professionalism. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.

Havighurst, C.C. and King, N.M.P. (1983) “Private Credentialing of Health Care Personnel: An Antitrust Perspective, Part One”, American Journal of Law & Medicine 8 (1): 130-201.

Heidenheimer, A.J. (1980) “Organized Medicine and Physician Specialization in Scandinavia and West Germany”, West European Politics 3 (3): 372-387.

Heidenheimer, A.J. (1989) “Professional Knowledge and State Policy in Comparative Historical Perspective: Law and Medicine in Britain, Germany and the United States”, International Social Science Journal 61: 529-553.

Hofoss, D. (1986) “Health Professions: The Origin of Species”, Social Science and Medicine 22 (2): 201-209.

Hollingsworth, R.J. (1986) A Political Economy of Medicine: Great Britain and the United States. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Honigsbaum, F. (1979) The Division in British Medicine. London: Kogan Page.

Huerkamp, C. (1985) Der Aufstieg der Ärzte im 19. Jahrhundert. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Immergut, E.M. (1991) “Institutions, Veto Points, and Policy Results: A Comparative Analysis of Health Care”, Journal of Public Policy 10, 391-416.

Jamison, A. (1987) “National Styles of Science and Technology: A Comparative Model”, Sociological Inquiry 57: 144-158.

Johnson, T.J. (1972) Professions and Power. London/Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Kendall, P.L. (1971) “Medical Specialization: Trends and Contributing Factors”, in R.H. Coombs and C.E. Vincent (eds) Psychosocial Aspects of Medical Training, pp. 449-497. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas.

King, L.N. (1989) “The Need for a Geriatrics Specialty: Reality in the United States”, in C. Eisdorfer , D.A. Kessler and A.N. Spector (eds) Caring for the Elderly, pp. 307-321. Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Koska, M.T. (1989) “Specialty Board Proliferation Causes Confusion”, Hospitals 63 (15): 58-59.

Krähe, H. (1978) “Materialien zu Wachstum, institutioneller und fachlicher Verteilung der Ärzte in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1953-1974”, in Bundesminister für Jugend , Familie und Gesundheit (ed.), Arzt und Gesundheitserziehung, pp. 199-269. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Larson, M.S. (1977) The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press.

Lewis, J. (1986) What Price Community Medicine? The Philosophy, Practice and Politics of Public Health since 1919. Worcester: Wheatsheaf.

Liebold, R. (1988) “Die Bewertung ärztlicher Leistungen”, in H. Kamps and A. Laufs (eds) Arzt- und Kassenarztrecht im Wandel, pp. 207-229. Berlin/ Heidelberg/New York: Springer.

Long, A.F. and Mercer, G. (1987) Health Manpower. Planning, Production and Management. London/New York/Sydney: Croom Helm.

Luce, J.M. and Byyny, R.L. (1979) “The Evolution of Medical Specialism”, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 22 (3): 377-389.

Mayntz, R. (1988) “Funktionelle Teilsysteme in der Theorie sozialer Differenzierung”, in R. Mayntz et al., Differenzierung und Verselbständigung: Zur Entwicklung gesellschaftlicher Teilsysteme, pp. 11-44. Frankfurt a.M./New York: Campus.

Menken, M. (1988) “Generalism and Specialism Revisited - The Case of Neurology”, Health Affairs 7 (5): 115-123.

Montgomery, K. (1990) “A Prospective Look at the Specialty of Medical Management”, Work and Occupations 17 (2): 178-198.

Narr, H. (1989) “Ärztliches Berufsrecht. Ausbildung, Weiterbildung, Berufsausübung”, 2nd edn (loose-leaf commentary). Köln: Deutscher Ärzteverlag.

National Audit Office (1985) National Health Service: Hospital Based Medical Manpower. London: HMSO.

National Center for Health Statistics (1978) Health Resources Statistics, Health Manpower and Health Facilities 1976-77 (Pub. no. [PHS] 79-1509). Hyattsville, MD: DHEW.

Olson, B.J. (1990) “Physician Specialty Advertising. The Tendency to Deceive?”, The Journal of Legal Medicine 11: 351-371.

Owens, A. (1989) “Board Certification Can Mean an Extra 3 Million”, Medical Economics 66 (1): 60-66.

Parkhouse, J. and Ellin, D.J. (1989) “Postgraduate Qualifications of British Doctors”, Medical Education 23: 348-363.

Parry, N. and Parry, J. (1976) The Rise of the Medical Profession. London: Croom Helm.

Payer, L. (1988) Medicine & Culture. Varieties of Treatment in the United States, England, West Germany, and France. New York: Henry Holt.

[The] President's Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation (1951) Building America's Health, Vol. 3. Washington, DC: GPO.

Przeworski, A. and Teune, H. (1970) The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley.

Reiser, S.J. (1978) Medicine and the Reign of Technology. London/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Roback, G. , Randolph, L. and Seidman, B. (1990). Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the United States. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association.

Rosen, G. (1972) “Changing Attitudes of the Medical Profession to Specialization”, in E. Freidson and J. Lorber (eds) Medical Men and Their Work, pp. 103-112. Chicago/New York: Aldine/Atherton (first published 1942).

Rosen, G. (1977) Preventive Medicine in the United States 1900-1975. New York: Prodist.

Royal Commission on the National Health Service (1979) Report. London: HMSO.

Rueschemeyer, D. (1973) Lawyers and their Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rueschemeyer, D. (1986) Power and the Division of Labour. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Sadler, J. (1978) “Ideologies of `Art' and `Science' in Medicine”, in W. Krohn , E.T. Layton and P. Weingart (eds) The Dynamics of Science and Technology. Sociology of the Sciences, Vol. II, pp. 177-215. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Schagen, U. (1989) “Ärztliche Weiterbildung - Aufgabe des Krankenhauses?” in H.-U. Deppe , H. Friedrich and R. Müller (eds) Das Krankenhaus: Kosten, Technik oder humane Versorgung, pp. 99-118. Frankfurt a.M./New York: Campus.

Schulz, R. and Harrison, S. (1986) “Physician Autonomy in the Federal Republic of Germany, Great Britain and the United States”, International Journal of Health Planning and Management 3: 335-355.

Sewering, H.J. (1976) “Neufassung der Weiterbildungsordnung”, Deutsches Ärzteblatt 79 (23): 1549-1559.

Sewering, H.J. (1987) “Von der `Bremer Richtlinie' zur Weiterbildungsordnung”, Deutsches Ärzteblatt 84 (36): B-1595-B-1602.

Smelser, N.J. (1976) Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Starck, C. (1972) “Regelungskompetenzen im Bereich des Art. 12 Abs. 1 GG und ärztliches Berufsrecht - Bemerkungen zum Facharzt-Beschluß des BVerfG”, Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 25 (34): 1489-1493.

Starr, P. (1982) The Social Transformation of American Medicine. New York: Basic Books.

Statistisches Bundesamt (various edns) Berufe des Gesundheitswesens (Fachserie 12, Reihe 5). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Stevens, R. (1966) Medical Practice in Modern England. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.

Stevens, R. (1971) American Medicine and the Public Interest. New Haven/ London: Yale University Press.

Stevens, R. (1989) In Sickness and in Wealth - American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.

Stichweh, R. (1987) “Professionen und Disziplinen - Formen der Differenzierung zweier Systeme beruflichen Handelns in modernen Gesellschaften”, in K. Harney and D. Jütting (eds) Professionalisierung der Erwachsenenbildung, pp. 210-275. Frankfurt a.M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang.

Stocking, B. (1988) “Medical Technology in the United Kingdom”, in B. Stocking (ed.) Expansive Health Technologies: Regulatory and Administrative Mechanisms in Europe, pp. 157-177. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Waddington, I. (1977) “General Practitioners and Consultants in Early Nineteenth-Century England: The Sociology of an Intra-Professional Conflict”, in J. Woodword and D. Richards (eds) Health Care and Popular Medicine in 19th Century England, pp. 164-188. London: Croom Helm.

Weissauer, W. and Opderbecke, H.W. (1988) “Fachgebietsgrenzen und interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit am Beispiel der Anästhesiologie”, in H. Kamps and A. Laufs (eds) Arzt- und Kassenarztrecht im Wandel, pp. 103-112. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer.