The transformation of expertise by new knowledge: contingencies and limits to skill scientification

Agassi, J. (1966) “The Confusion between Science and Technology in the Standard Philosophy of Science”, Technology and Culture 7: 348-366.

Allen, J. (1970) “The Life and Work of Osborne Reynolds”, in D.M. McDowell and J. D. Jackson (eds) Osborne Reynolds and Engineering Science Today, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Auerbach, J. S. (1971) “Enmity and Amity: Law Teachers and Practitioners. 1900-1922”, Perspectives in American History 5: 551-601.

Atkinson, P. (1981) The Clinical Experience, the Construction and Reconstruction of Medical Reality. Farnborough: Gower.

Barley, S. R. (1986) “Technology as an Occasion for Structuring: Evidence from Observations of CT Scanners and the Social Order of Radiology Departments”, Administration Science Quarterly 31: 78-108.

Beer, J. J. (1959) The Emergence of the German Dye Industry. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Berthoud, R and Smith, D. J. (1980) The Education, Training and Careers of Professional Engineers. London: HMSO.

Bledstein, B. J. (1976) The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton.

Böhme, G. and Stehr, N. (1986) “The Growing Impact of Scientific Knowledge on Social Relations”, in G. Böhme and N. Stehr (eds) The Knowledge Society; Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 10. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Böhme, G. , van den Daele, W. and Krohn, W. (1976) “Finalization in Science”, Social Science Information 15 (2-3): 307-330.

Böhme, G. , van den Daele, W. and Krohn, W. (1978) “The `Scientification' of Technology”, in W. Krohn et al. (eds) The Dynamics of Science and Technology. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Böhme, G. , van den Daele, W. and Hohlfeld, R. (1983) “Finalization Revisited” in G. Böhme , W. van den Daele , R. Hohlfeld , W. Krohn and W. Schäfer (eds) Finalization in Science. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Buchholz, K. (1979) “Verfahrenstechnik” (Chemical Engineering) — Its Development, Present State and Structure”, Social Studies of Science 9: 33-62.

Calvert, M. A. (1967) The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1900. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Chandler, A. D. (1977) The Visible Hand. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Channell, D. F. (1975) “A Unitary Technology: the Engineering Science of W. J. M. Rankine”, unpublished PhD thesis, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio.

Channell, D. F. (1982) “The Harmony of Theory and Practice: the Engineering Science of W.J.M. Rankine”, Technology and Culture 23: 39-52.

Cicourel, A. (1986) “The Reproduction of Objective Knowledge: Commonsense Reasoning in Medical Decision Making”, in G. Böhme and N. Stehr (eds) The Knowledge Society; Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 10. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Collins, R. (1979) The Credential Society. New York: Academic Press.

Constant, E. (1984) “Communities and Hierarchies: Structure in the Practice of Science and Technology”, in R. Laudan (ed.) The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? Dordrecht: Reidel.

Daems, H. (1983) “The Determinants of the Hierarchical Organization of Industry”, in A. Francis et al. (eds) Power, Efficiency and Institutions. London: Heinemann.

Freidson, E. (1970) Profession of Medicine. New York: Dodd, Mead.

Freidson, E. (1986) Professional Powers. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Galambos, L. (1979) “The American Economy and the Reorganization of the Sources of Knowledge”, in A. Oleson and J. Voss (eds) The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860-1920. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Gerstl, J. E. and Hutton, S. P. (1966) Engineers: the Anatomy of a Profession. London: Tavistock.

Gökalp, I. (1987) “On the Dynamics of Controversies in a Borderland Scientific Domain: the Case of Turbulent Combustion”, Social Science Information 26(3): 551-576.

Gordon, Robert B. (1985) “Hydrological Science and the Development of Water-power for Manufacturing”, Technology and Culture 26: 204-235.

Hutton, S.P. and Lawrence, P. (1981) German Engineers: the Anatomy of a Profession. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Johnson, J. A. (1980) “The Chemical Reichanstalt Association: Big Science in Imperial Germany”, unpublished PhD thesis, Princeton University.

Kay, Neil (1984) The Emergent Firm. London: Macmillan.

Krohn, W. , Layton, E. T. and Weingart P. (eds) (1978) The Dynamics of Science and Technology, Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook 2. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Küppers, G. (1978) “On the Relation between Technology and Science — Goals of Knowledge and Dyamics of Theories. The Example of Combustion Technology, Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanisms”, in W. Krohn et al. (eds) The Dynamics of Science and Technology. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Larson, M. S. (1977) The Rise of Professionalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Latour, B. (1983) “Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World”, in K. Knorr-Cetina and M. Mulkay (eds) Science Observed. London: Sage.

Layton, E. T. (1971) “Mirror-Image Twins: the Communication of Science and Technology in 19th Century America”, Technology and Culture 20: 64-89.

Layton, E. T. (1976) “American Ideologies of Science and Engineering”, Technology and Culture 17: 688-701.

Layton, E. T. (1978) “Millwrights and Engineers, Science, Social Roles and the Evolution of the Turbine in America”, in W. Krohn et al. (eds) The Dynamics of Science and Technology. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Layton, E. T. (1979) “Scientific Technology, 1845-1900: the Hydraulic Turbine and the Origins of American Industrial Research”, Technology and Culture 20: 64-89.

Levy, R. M. (1980) “The Professionalization of American Architects and Civil Engineers”, unpublished PhD thesis, University of California at Berkeley.

Locke, R. R. (1984) The End of the Practical Man. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Mayr, O. (1976) “The Science-Technology Relationships as a Historiographic Problem”, Technology and Culture 17: 663-673.

Meyer-Thurow, G. (1982) “The Industrialization of Invention: a Case Study from the German Chemical Industry”, ISIS 73: 363-381.

Mowery, D. C. (1986) “Industrial Research, 1900-1950”, in B. Elbaum and W. Lazonick (eds) The Decline of the British Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Niblett, C. (1980) “Images of Progress: Three Episodes in the Development of Research Policy in the UK Electrical Engineering Industry”, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Manchester.

Noble, D. (1977) America by Design. New York: Knopf.

Peterson, M.J. (1978) The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Reich, L. S. (1985) The Making of American Industrial Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rip, A. (1981) “A Cognitive Approach to Science Policy”, Research Policy 10: 294-311.

Ritti. R. R. (1971) The Engineer in the Industrial Corporation. New York: Columbia University Press.

Rossiter, M. A. (1979) “The Organization of the Agricultural Sciences”, in A. Oleson and J. Voss (eds) The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America. 1860-1920. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sanderson, M. (1972) The Universities and British Industry 1850-1970. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Schafer, W. (1983) “The Finalization Debate”, in G. Böhme et al. Finalization in Science. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Seely, B. E. (1984) “The Scientific Mystique in Engineering. Highway Research at the Bureau of Public Roads, 1918-1940”, Technology and Culture 25: 798-831.

Thompson, J. D. (1967) Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Vincenti, W. G. (1982) “Control-Volume Analysis: a Difference in thinking between Engineering and Physics”, Technology and Culture 23, 145-174.

Vincenti, W. G. (1984) “Technological Knowledge without Science: the Innovation of Flush Riveting in American Airplanes, ca. 1930-ca. 1950”, Technology and Culture 25: 540-576.

Weingart, P. (1978) “The Relation between Science and Technology — a Sociological Explanation”, in W. Krohn et al. (eds) The Dynamics of Science and Technology. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Whalley, P. (1986) The Social Production of Technical Work. London: Macmillan.

Whitley, R. D. (1984) The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Williamson, O. E. (1973) “Markets and Hierarchies: Some Elementary Considerations”, American Economic Review 63(2): 316-325.

Williamson, O. E. (1975) Markets and Hierarchies. New York: Free Press.

Wise, G. (1985) Willis R. Whitney, General Electric and the Origins of US Industrial Research. New York: Columbia University Press.