Prolegomena to any present analysis of hostility against Jews

Science and the modern world, New York, 1952, p. 52.

The interpretation of cultures, New York, 1973, pp. 3-30. Geertz's emphasis on symbols had no influence on the emphasis on symbolization in the paper, since I read his book as a reward after completing the first version, but I find the convergence most reassuring.

The title of Gordon Allport's classic survey, The nature of prejudice , Boston, Mass., 1954, indicates the rapid concretization of the conception of prejudice.

See Léon Poliakov , Le mythe Aryen, Paris, 1971, pp. 150-189, 263-282.

The vigour of the present debate indicates the subjectivity of any convinced assertions on the issue. See for example: A.R. Jensen et al., Environment, heredity, and intelligence, Harvard educational review reprint series n°. 2, Cambridge, Mass., 1969; H.J. Eysenck , The IQ argument, New York , 1971; L.L. Cavalli-Sforza and W.F. Bodner , The genetics of human evolution, San Francisco , 1971 ; R.H. Herrnstein , "I.Q", Atlantic monthly 228, n° 3, 1971: 44-64; S. Scarr-Salapatek , "Unknowns in the IQ equation ," Science 174, 1971 : 1223-1228; L.J. Kamin , The science and politics of I.Q, New York, 1974; D. Layzer , "Heritability analysis of IQ scores: Science or numerology", Science 183, 1974, pp. 1259-1266.

"Race and biology" in Race and science, Unesco, New York, 1969, p. 273.

Despite the careful distinctions which P.L. van den Berghe makes to avoid that pitfall in his valuable book, Race and racism, New York, 1967, it seems to me that he comes very close to falling in because he, as a social scientist, decided to use "race" with the meaning given it by the racists he was studying and to treat "racism" as a unitary phenomenon sufficiently distinct to be susceptible of a separate, general, socio-anthropological explanation.

D.J. Levinson , "The study of ethnocentric ideology" in T.W. Adorno et al., The authoritarian personality, New York, 1950, p. 150.

N.W. Ackerman and M. Jahoda , Anti-semitism and emotional disorder, New York , 1951, pp. 3-4.

A. Rose , "The roots of prejudice" in Race and science, p. 393.

Allport , The nature of prejudice, p. 9.

M. Rokeach , The open and closed mind, New York, 1960, p. 135.

G.E. Simpson and J.M. Yinger , Racial and cultural minorities , 4th ed., New York, 1972, p. 24.

R.D. Ashmore , "Prejudice: Causes and cures", in B.E. Collins , Social psychology, Reading, Mass., 1970, p. 253.

H. Shuman and J. Harding , "Prejudice and the norm of rationality", Sociometry 27, 1964: 353-371; the article accepts the validity of the norm of rationality.

Collins , Social psychology , p. 255.

R.A. Levine and D.T. Campbell , Ethnocentrism, New York, 1972, provides an exhaustive survey of theories relevant to "ethnocentrism" which illustrates how diversely and broadly that term has also been used.

R.M. Loewenstein , Christians and Jews, New York, 1951; N. Cohn , Warrant for genocide , New York, 1969.

New York, 1969.

E.g., A. Bandura , Aggression, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1973 .

R.T. Lapierre , "Attitudes vs. actions," Social forces 13, 1934: 230-237.

E.g., G. Myrdal , An American dilemma, New York, 1944; B. Bettelheim and M. Janowitz , Social change and prejudice , New York, 1964.

Seven types of ambiguity, 3rd ed., New York, 1955, p. 3 : "I propose to use the word in an extended sense, and shall think relevant to my subject any verbal nuance, however slight, which gives room for alternative reactions to the same piece of language."

J.Harding , H. Proshansky , B. Kutner , and I. Chein , "Prejudice and Ethnic Relations" in: G. Lindzey ; E. Aronson (eds.), The handbook of social psychology, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Reading, Mass., 1968-1969, p. 6: "Consequently, it seems most useful to us to define prejudice as a failure of rationality or a failure of justice or a failure of human-heartedness in an individual's attitude toward members of another ethnic group."

P.L. Berger , The sacred canopy, New York , 1969, p. 51: "Every human society is, in the last resort, men banded together in the face of death." The use of cosmos and chaos in this paper follows Berger's sense.

G.I. Langmuir , "The knight's tale of young Hugh of Lincoln ," Speculum 47, 1972, pp. 459-482.

This formulation seems compatible both with psychoanalytic interpretations and with social learning theory.

We may note, however, that the witchcraft craze developed in a period of social stress and unusually rapid change in social norms which could occasion sharp conflicts within individuals between official social values and individual impulses: J.B. Russell , Witchcraft in the middle ages, Ithaca, NY, 1972, pp. 263-289. We should also note that the belief even developdd that witches could be identified by physical or physiological characteristics: P. Hughes , Witchcraft, Baltimore, Md., 1965, pp. 98-103. And finally, we should record our agreement with the emphasis on the unobserved or chimeric quality of the assertions or fantasies about witches in Norman Cohn, Europe's inner demons, London, 1975.

R.K. Merton , Social theory and social structure, 2nd ed., Glencoe, Ill., 1957, p. 423.

La société bloquée, Paris, 1970 , p. 34.

G. Devos and H. Wagatsuma , Japan's invisible race, Berkeley, Calif., 1967.

Although, significantly , members of the ingroup might also be punished by being made slaves or given an almost identical status.

Ackerman, N.W. ; Jahoda, M. 1951 Anti-semitism and emotional disorder. New York.

Adorno, T.W. et al. 1950 The authoritarian personality. New York.

Allport, G. 1954 The nature of prejudice. Boston, Mass .

Bandura, A. 1973 Aggression. San Francisco.

Berger, P.L. 1969 The sacred canopy. New York.

Bettelheim, B. ; Janowitz, M. 1964 Social change and prejudice. New York .

Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. ; Bodner, W.F. 1971 The genetics of human evolution. San Francisco.

Cohn, N. 1969 Warrant for genocide. New York .

1975 Europe's inner demons. London.

Crozier, M. 1970 La société bloquée. Paris.

Devos, G. ; Wagatsuma, H. 1967 Japan's invisible race. Berkeley, Calif .

Empson, W. 1955 Seven types of ambiguity. New York. (3rd ed.)

Eysenck, H.J. 1971 The IQ argument. New York.

Geertz, C. 1973 The interpretation of cultures. New York.

Herrnstein, R.H. 1971 "I.Q", Atlantic monthly 228 (3): 44-64.

Hughes, P. 1965 Witchcraft. Baltimore, Md.

Jensen, A.R. et al. 1969 Environment, heredity, and intelligence. Harvard educational review reprint series n° 2. Cambridge, Mass.

Kamin, L.J. 1974 The science and politics of I. Q New York.

Lapierre, R.T. 1934 "Attitudes vs. actions" Social forces 13: 230-237.

Langmuir, G.I. 1972 "The knight's tale of young Hugh of Lincoln", Speculum 47: 459-482.

Layzer, D. 1974 "Heritability analysis of IQ scores: Science or numerology ?", Science 183: 1259-1266.

Levine, R.A. ; Campbell, D.T. 1972 Ethnocentrism. New York.

Lindzey, G. ; Aronson E. (eds.). 1969 The handbook of social psychology. Reading, Mass. (2nd ed.)

Loewenstein, R.M. 1951 Christians and Jews. New York .

Merton, R.K. 1957 Social theory and social structure. Glencoe, Ill. (2nd ed.)

Myrdal, G. 1944 An American dilemma. New York .

Poliakov, L. 1971 Le mythe Aryen. Paris.

Rokeach, M. 1960 The open and closed mind. New York.

Russell, J.B. 1972 Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, NY.

Scarr-Salapatek, S. 1971 "Unknowns in the IQ equation", Science 174: 1223-1228.

Shuman, H. ; Harding, J. 1964 "Prejudice and the norm of rationality", Sociometry 27: 353-371.

Simpson, G.E. ; Yinger, J.M. 1972 Racial and cultural minorities. New York. (4th ed.)

Unesco. 1951-1961 Race and science. New York. (Revised ed. 1969)

Van den Berghe, P.L. 1967 Race and racism. New York.

Whitehead, A.N. 1925 Science and the modern world. New York . (Revised ed. 1952)