Productivity is now a buzzword in science studies. Whether you consult the literature on research management, the economic literature on technology and innovation, the literature on bibliometrics or the official literature on science policy and its conceptual frameworks, what you find is analyses on productivity, often accompanied by a plea, and recipes, for increased productivity. This article documents how the concept of productivity got into the analysis of science, through the statistics on which the concept rested, and its transformation over one hundred years. It argues that, through history, the concept as applied to science has carried four meanings: productivity as reproduction, productivity as output, productivity as efficiency and productivity as outcome.
L’analyse de la productivité est une notion centrale dans les études sur la science. Que ce soit dans la littérature en management de la recherche, en économie de la science, de la technologie et de l’innovation, en bibliométrie ou en politique scientifique, la notion de productivité fait l’objet d’analyses, accompagnées très souvent de recommandations de nature normative. Le présent article documente quand et comment la notion de productivité a fait son apparition dans les analyses relatives à la science et discute le rôle des statistiques dans cette histoire. L’article suggère que le concept de productivité scientifique oscille entre quatre significations: reproduction, production, efficience et effets.
Mots-clés: Economie de la science; Histoire de la science; Productivité scientifique; Statistiques
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