`Clandestins' et `makwerekwere' dans l'Afrique du Sud post-apartheid: production de catégories,pratiques administratives et xénophobie

Abstract

Fondé sur des recherches menées depuis une décennie en Afrique du Sud, cet article fait le point sur la situation actuelle des migrants irréguliers. En dépit d'un cadre juridique progressiste et d'élites politiques éclairées, la politique migratoire post-apartheid a continuellement produit des effectifs importants de migrants irréguliers que les régularisations et un nouveau régime d'asile ne sont pas parvenus à protéger. L'absence d'instruments migratoires adaptés aux besoins des mouvements de main-d'œuvre régionaux et les clivages entre élites politiques et certains groupes de la population ont durablement empêché la mise en œuvre de politiques plus innovantes.

Based on research conducted in South Africa for over a decade, this paper assesses the current situation of irregular migrants. Despite a progressive legal dispensation and enlightened political elites, post-apartheid migration policy has continuously produced high numbers of irregular migrants that amnesties and a new asylum regime have only partly protected. The absence of migration instruments adapted to the needs of regional labor movements and cleavages between political elites and segments of the population have durably prevented the implementation of more innovative policies.

Keywords

Afrique australe Asile Migration irrégulière Politique publique

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Brunk, M. (1996) `Undocumented migration to South Africa', Public information series, no 4. Le Cap: IDASA (Institute for Democracy in South Africa).

Crush, J. (1997) `Covert operations: clandestine migration, temporary work and immigration policy in South Africa', Migration Policy Series, no 1. Queen's University, Canada & Le Cap: IDASA (Institute for Democracy in South Africa) & SAMP.

Crush, J. (ed.) (2001) `Immigration, xenophobia and human rights in South Africa', Migration policy series, no. 22. Queen's University, Canada & Le Cap: SAMP & IDASA (Institute for Democracy in South Africa).

Crush, J. & Williams, V. (eds) (1999) The new South Africans? Immigration amnesties and their aftermaths. Le Cap: IDASA (Institute for Democracy in South Africa) & SAMP.

De Villiers, R. & Reitzes, M. (1995) Southern African migration: domestic and regional policy implications. Workshop proceedings no.14. Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies.

Dolan, C. (1997) The changing status of Mozambicans in South Africa and the impact of this on repatriation to and re-integration in Mozambique. Report to the Norwegian Refugee Council, Maputo. [http://www.nrc.no/engindex.htm]

Ellis, S. (2008) `South Africa and international migration: the role of skilled labour, in A. Wa Kabwe-Segatti & L. Landau , Migration in post-apartheid South Africa: challenges and questions to policy-makers , ch. 2: 87-102. Paris: Agence Française de Développement, Collection notes et documents.

Handmaker, J. , Johnston, N. & Schneider, J. (2001) The status `regularisation' programme for former Mozambican refugees in South Africa. Lawyers for Human Rights & University of the Witwatersrand Refugee Research Programme.

HRW (Human Rights Watch) (1998) `Prohibited persons', abuse of undocumented migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in South Africa. New York: Human Rights Watch.

10.

Johnston, N. & Simbine, C. (1998) `The usual victims: the Aliens Control Act & the voices of Mozambicans', in J. Crush (ed.) Beyond control: immigration and human rights in a democratic South Africa, pp. 160-80. Le Cap: IDASA (Institute for Democracy in South Africa) & SAMP.

11.

Mattes, R. , Taylor, D.M. , Macdonald, D.A. , Poore, A. & Richmond, W. (1999) `Still waiting for the barbarians: South African attitudes to immigrants and immigration', Migration policy series, no. 14. Le Cap & Queen's University, Canada: IDASA (Institute for Democracy in South Africa) & SAMP.

12.

Minaar, A. & Hough, M. (1995) Causes, extent and impact of clandestine migration in selected Southern African countries with specific reference to South Africa . Pretoria: HSRC.

13.

Sahrc (1999) Report into the arrest and detention of suspected undocumented migrants (19 mars). Parktown, Johannesburg: South African Human Rights Commission.

14.

Sahrc (2006) Unprotected migrants: Zimbabweans in South Africa's Limpopo province. Johannesburg : South African Human Rights Commission.

15.

Van Niekerk, B. Col. (1995) `The impact of illegal aliens on safety and security in South Africa', ISSUP Bulletin (nov.). Pretoria: Institute for Strategic Studies, University of Pretoria.

16.

Vigneswaran, D. (2008) `Undocumented migration: risks and myths (1998-2005)' , in A. Wa Kabwe-Segatti & L. B. Landau , Migration in post-apartheid South Africa: challenges and questions to policy-makers, ch. 3: 106-7. Paris : Agence Française de Développement, Collection Notes et Documents.

17.

Wa Kabwe-Segatti, A. (2002) `Du rapatriement volontaire au refoulement dissimulé : les réfugiés mozambicains en Afrique du Sud', Politique africaine, Dossier: `Réfugiés, exodes et politique', 85 (mars): 85-93.

18.

Wa Kabwe-Segatti, A. (2003) `La figure de l'étranger dans la "nouvelle" Afrique du Sud: la réforme d'une politique de l'immigration, 1986-2002'. Thèse pour le doctorat, Université de la Réunion, non publiée.

19.

Wa Kabwe-Segatti, A. (2004) `Reformuler la politique d'immigration dans l'Afrique du Sud post-apartheid: de l'Aliens Control Act de 1991 à l'Immigration Act de 2002', in P. Guillaume , N. Péjout & A. Wa Kabwe-Segatti (eds) L'Afrique du Sud dix ans après - Transition accomplie? , pp. 249-70. Johannesburg & Paris: IFAS & Karthala.

20.

Wa Kabwe-Segatti, A. & Landau, L. (2008) Migration in post-apartheid South Africa: challenges and questions to policy-makers. Paris: Agence Française de Développement, Collection Notes et Documents.