Evolutionary studies of human behavior and design are increasing in popularity. There are now few topics or disciplines where an evolutionary perspective is not applied. For the past 40 years, evolutionary approaches to human behavior and design have been given many names, e.g. human ethology, human sociobiology, human behavioral ecology, evolutionary anthropology and evolutionary psychology. This diversity may be confusing when one first becomes interested in evolutionary studies. Different names have come and gone – often because they have become unpopular in someone’s mind – while some names have survived and remained, but are often used with different meanings. This article presents the preliminary result of a scrutiny of names used in the evolutionary literature and what they mean. I also briefly discuss why there is a surplus of names and consider if we should attempt to find one name for the field(s) or if we should continue with the diversity.
Aunger, R. , ed. (2000) Darwinizing Culture: The Status of Memetics As a Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
8.
Badcock, C. (1994) PsychoDarwinism: The New Synthesis of Darwin & Freud. London: HarperCollins .
9.
Badcock, C. (1998) ‘‘PsychoDarwinism: The New Synthesis of Darwin and Freud’’, in C. Crawford and D.L. Krebs (eds) Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, pp. 457–483. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum .
10.
Bailey, K.G. (1987) Human Paleopsychology: Applications to Aggression and Pathological Processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum .
11.
Barash, D.P. (1977) Sociobiology and Behavior. New York: Elsevier .
Barkow, J.H. (1989a) Darwin, Sex, and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press .
14.
Barkow, J.H. (1989b) ‘‘Overview’’ , Ethology and Sociobiology10: 1–10 .
15.
Barkow, J.H. (1994) ‘‘Evolutionary Psychological Anthropology’’, in P.K. Bock (ed.) Handbook of Psychological Anthropology, pp. 121–137. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press .
16.
Barkow, J.H. , Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. , eds (1992) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press .
17.
Barlow, G.W. (1989) ‘‘Has Sociobiology Killed Ethology or Revitalized It?’’, in P.P.G. Bateson and P.H. Klopfer (eds) Whither Ethology?, pp. 1–45. New York and London: Plenum Press .
18.
Baron-Cohen, S. , ed. (1997) The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press .
19.
Betzig, L. (1989) ‘‘Rethinking Human Ethology: A Response to Some Recent Critiques’’ , Ethology and Sociobiology10: 315–324 .
20.
Blackmore, S. (1997) ‘‘The Power of the Meme Meme’’ , Skeptic5(2): 43–49 .
21.
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1985) ‘‘Adaptation and Evolutionary Approaches to Anthropology’’ , Man22: 25–41 .
22.
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1991) ‘‘Human Behavioural Ecology’’, in J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies (eds) Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, pp. 69–98. Oxford: Blackwell .
23.
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. , Richerson, P.J. , Thornhill, N.W. and Voland, E. (1997) ‘‘The Place of Behavioral Ecological Anthropology in Evolutionary Social Science’’, in P. Weingart , S.D. Mitchell , P.J. Richerson and S. Maasen (eds) Human by Nature: Between Biology and the Social Sciences, pp. 253–282. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum .
24.
Boyd, R. and Richerson, P.J. (1985) Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
25.
Brodie, R. (1996) Virus of the Mind: The New Science of the Meme. Seattle, WA: Integral Press .
26.
Carey, A.D. and Lopreato, J. (1995) ‘‘The Evolutionary Demography of the Fertility– Mortality Quasi-Equilibrium’’ , Population and Development Review21: 613–630 .
27.
Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. and Feldman, M.W. (1981) Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
28.
Corey, G.A. and Gardner, R. , eds (2002) The Evolutionary Neuroethology of Paul MacLean. Westport: CT: Praeger .
29.
Cosmides, L. , Tooby, J. and Barkow, J.H. (1992) ‘‘Introduction: Evolutionary Psychology and Conceptual Integration’’, in J.H. Barkow , L. Cosmides , and J. Tooby (eds) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, pp. 3–15. New York: Oxford University Press .
30.
Cronk, L. (1991) ‘‘Human Behavioral Ecology’’ , Annual Review of Anthropology20: 25–53 .
31.
Cronk, L. (1995) ‘‘Is There a Role for Culture in Human Behavioral Ecology?’’ , Ethology and Sociobiology16: 181–205 .
32.
Cronk, L. , Chagnon, N. and Irons, W. , eds (2000) Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. New York: Aldine de Gruyter .
33.
Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (1997) ‘‘From the New Editors of Evolution and Human Behavior’’ , Evolution and Human Behavior18: 1–2 .
34.
Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (1999) ‘‘Human Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Behaviour’’ , Animal Behaviour57: 509–519 .
35.
Daly, M. and Wilson, M. (2000) ‘‘Reply to Smith et al.’’ , Animal Behaviour60: F27–F29 .
36.
Dewsbury, D.A. (1989) ‘‘Comparative Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior’’ , Annual Review of Psychology40: 581–602 .
Durham, W.H. (1979) ‘‘Toward a Coevolutionary Theory of Human Biology and Culture’’, in N.A. Chagnon and W. Irons (eds) Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, pp. 39–59. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press .
39.
Durham, W.H. (1990) ‘‘Advances in Evolutionary Culture Theory’’ , Annual Review of Anthropology19: 187–210 .
40.
Durham, W.H. (1992) ‘‘Applications of Evolutionary Culture Theory’’ , Annual Review of Anthropology21: 331–355 .
41.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989) Human Ethology. New York: Aldine de Gruyter .
42.
Feldman, M.W. and Laland, K.N. (1996) ‘‘Gene–Culture Coevolutionary Theory’’ , Trends in Ecology and Evolution11: 453–457 .
Fox, R. (1997) Conjectures & Confrontations: Science, Evolution, Social Concern. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction .
45.
Fox, R. and Fleising, U. (1976) ‘‘Human Ethology’’ , Annual Review of Anthropology5: 265–288 .
46.
Gardner, R. (1996) ‘‘Psychiatry Needs a Basic Science Titled Sociophysiology’’ , Biological Psychiatry39: 833–834 .
47.
Gardner, R. (1997) ‘‘Sociophysiology As the Basic Science of Psychiatry’’ , Theoretical Medicine18: 335–356 .
48.
Gaulin, S.J.C. and McBurney, D.H. (2001) Psychology: An Evolutionary Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall .
49.
Gilbert, P. (1998) ‘‘Evolutionary Psychopathology: Why Isn’t the Mind Designed Better Than It Is?’’ , British Journal of Medical Psychology71: 353–374 .
50.
Gray, J.P. (2000) ‘‘Twenty Years of Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: Where Are We Now?’’, in L. Cronk , N. Chagnon and W. Irons (eds) Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, pp. 475–495. New York: Aldine de Gruyter .
51.
Grinde, B. (1996) ‘‘Darwinian Happiness: Biological Advice on the Quality of Life’’ , Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems19: 249–260 .
52.
Grinde, B. (2002) Darwinian Happiness: Evolution As a Guide for Living and Understanding Human Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press .
53.
Hamilton, W.D. (1964) ‘‘The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour, I & II’’ , Journal of Theoretical Biology7: 1–52 .
54.
Harpending, H. , Rogers, A. and Draper, P. (1987) ‘‘Human Sociobiology’’ , Yearbook of Physical Anthropology30: 127–150 .
55.
Hill, K. (1993) ‘‘Life History Theory and Evolutionary Anthropology’’ , Evolutionary Anthropology2: 78–88 .
56.
Hill, K. and Hurtado, A.M. (1996) Ache Life History: The Ecology and Demography of a Foraging People. New York: Aldine de Gruyter .
57.
Hinde, R.A. (1966) Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill .
58.
Hinde, R.A. (1990) ‘‘Nikolaas Tinbergen’’ , Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society36: 549–565 .
59.
Holcomb, H.R. (1998) ‘‘Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses’’, in C. Crawford and D.L. Krebs (eds) Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, pp. 303–334. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum .
60.
Hrdy, S.B. , Rodman, P. , Charnov, E.L. , Seger, J. , Hawkes, K. , Emlen, S.T. , Foster, S.A. , Gowaty, P.A. , Haig, D. , Hauser, M. , Jacobs, L.F. and Smuts, B.B. (1996) ‘‘Sociobiology’s Successes’’ , Science274: 162–163 .
61.
Ketelaar, T. and Ellis, B.J. (2000) ‘‘Are Evolutionary Explanations Unfalsi.able? Evolutionary Psychology and the Lakatosian Philosophy of Science’’ , Psychological Inquiry11: 1–21 .
62.
Kitcher, P. (1990) ‘‘Developmental Decomposition and the Future of Human Behavioral Ecology’’ , Philosophy of Science57: 96–117 .
63.
Krebs, J. (1985) ‘‘Sociobiology Ten Years On’’ , New Scientist108(1476): 40–43 .
64.
Krebs, J.R. and Davies, N.B. (1993) An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology, 3rd edn.Oxford: Blackwell .
65.
Krebs, J.R. and Davies, N.B. , eds (1997) Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, 4th edn.Oxford: Blackwell .
66.
Laland, K.N. and Brown, G.R. (2002) Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
67.
Laland, K.N. , Kumm, J. and Feldman, M.W. (1995) ‘‘Gene–Culture Coevolutionary Theory: A Test Case’’ , Current Anthropology36: 131–156 .
68.
Lappe, M. (1994) Evolutionary Medicine: Rethinking the Origins of Disease. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books .
69.
Lehrman, D.S. (1953) ‘‘A Critique of Konrad Lorenz’s Theory of Instinctive Behavior’’ , The Quarterly Review of Biology28: 337–363 .
70.
Low, B.S. (1993) ‘‘Ecological Demography: A Synthetic Focus in Evolutionary Anthropology’’ , Evolutionary Anthropology1: 177–187 .
71.
Low, B.S. , Clarke, A.L. and Lockridge, K.A. (1992) ‘‘Toward an Ecological Demography’’ , Population and Development Review18: 1–31 .
72.
Lumsden, C.J. and Wilson, E.O. (1981) Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press .
73.
MacDonald, K. (1991) ‘‘A Perspective on Darwinian Psychology: The Importance of Domain-General Mechanisms, Plasticity, and Individual Differences’’ , Ethology and Sociobiology12: 449–480 .
74.
McGuire, M.T. and Fairbanks, L.A. , eds (1977) Ethological Psychiatry: Psychopathology in the Context of Evolutionary Biology. New York: Grune and Stratton .
75.
McGuire, M. and Troisi, A. (1998) Darwinian Psychiatry. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press .
76.
McGuire, M.T. , Marks, I. , Nesse, R.M. and Troisi, A. (1992) ‘‘Evolutionary Biology: A Basic Science for Psychiatry’’ , Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica86: 89–96 .
77.
MacLean, P.D. (1990) The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role in Paleocerebral Functions. New York: Plenum Press .
78.
Marler, P. and Hamilton, W.J. (1966) The Mechanisms of Animal Behavior. New York: Wiley .
79.
Masters, R.D. (1991) ‘‘Political Science’’, in M. Maxwell (ed.) The Sociobiological Imagination, pp. 141–156. New York: State University of New York Press .
80.
Mysterud, I. (2003) Mennesket Og Moderne Evolusjonsteori [Humans and Modern Evolutionary Theory]. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk .
81.
Nesse, R.M. and Williams, G.C. (1994) Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Times Books .
82.
Palmer, C.T. (1992) ‘‘The Use and Abuse of Darwinian Psychology: Its Impact on Attempts to Determine the Evolutionary Basis of Human Rape’’ , Ethology and Sociobiology13: 289–299 .
83.
Panksepp, J. (1998) Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press .
84.
Ruse, M. (1981) ‘‘Is Human Sociobiology a New Paradigm?’’ , The Philosophical Forum13(2–3): 119–143 .
85.
Segerstrale, U. (2000) Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
86.
Slater, P.J.B. (1985) An Introduction to Ethology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
87.
Slater, P.J.B. (1999) Essentials of Animal Behaviour. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press .
Smith, E.A. (2000) ‘‘Three Styles in the Evolutionary Analysis of Human Behavior’’, in L. Cronk , N. Chagnon and W. Irons (eds) Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, pp. 27–46. New York: Aldine de Gruyter .
91.
Smith, E.A. and Winterhalder, B. (1992) Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter .
92.
Smith, E.A. , Borgerhoff Mulder, M. and Hill, K. (2000) ‘‘Evolutionary Analyses of Human Behaviour: A Commentary on Daly and Wilson’’ , Animal Behaviour60: F21–F26 .
93.
Smith, E.A. , Borgerhoff Mulder, M. and Hill, K. (2001) ‘‘Controversies in the Evolutionary Social Sciences: A Guide for the Perplexed’’ , Trends in Ecology and Evolution16: 128–135 .
94.
Snowdon, C.T. (1983) ‘‘Ethology, Comparative Psychology, and Animal Behavior’’ , Annual Review of Psychology34: 63–94 .
95.
Stevens, A. and Price, J. (2000) Evolutionary Psychiatry: A New Beginning, 2nd edn.London and Philadelphia, PA: Routledge .
96.
Symons, D. (1989) ‘‘A Critique of Darwinian Anthropology’’ , Ethology and Sociobiology10: 131–144 .
97.
Tooby, J. (2000) ‘‘How to Deal With Fringe Academics’’, Slate ; available at http://slate.msn.com/, accessed 3 February.
98.
Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. (1992) ‘‘The Psychological Foundations of Culture’’, in J.H. Barkow , L. Cosmides and J. Tooby (eds) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, pp. 19–136. New York: Oxford University Press .
99.
Trevathan, W.R. , Smith, E.O. and McKenna, J.J. , eds (1999) Evolutionary Medicine. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press .
100.
van der Dennen, J.M.G. (1995) The Origin of War: The Evolution of a Male-Coalitional Reproductive Strategy. Groningen: Origin Press .
101.
Vining, D.R., Jr. (1986) ‘‘Social Versus Reproductive Success: The Central Theoretical Problem of Human Sociobiology’’ , Behavioral and Brain Sciences9(167): 167–216 .
102.
Walter, A. (1993) ‘‘An Interview With Robin Fox’’ , Current Anthropology34: 441–452 .
103.
Wenegrat, B. (1990) Sociobiological Psychiatry: Normal Behavior and Psychopathology. Lexington, MA and Toronto: Lexington Books .
104.
White, M. (2001) Rivals: Confict As the Fuel of Science. London: Secker and Warburg .
105.
Wiegele, T.C. (1979) Biopolitics: Search for a More Human Political Science. Boulder, CO: Westview Press .
106.
Williams, G.C. (1966) Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press .
107.
Williams, G.C. and Nesse, R.M. (1991) ‘‘The Dawn of Darwinian Medicine’’ , The Quarterly Review of Biology66: 1–22 .
Wilson, D.R. (1993) ‘‘Evolutionary Epidemiology: Darwinian Theory in the Service of Medicine and Psychiatry’’ , Acta Biotheoretica41: 205–218 .
110.
Wilson, E.O. (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press .
111.
Wilson, E.O. (1998) Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge. New York: Knopf .
112.
Winterhalder, B. and Smith, E.A. , eds (1981) Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archeological Analyses. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press .
113.
Winterhalder, B. and Smith, E.A. (2000) ‘‘Analyzing Adaptive Strategies: Human Behavioral Ecology at Twenty-Five’’ , Evolutionary Anthropology9: 51–72 .
114.
Wright, R. (1994) The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life. New York: Pantheon .
