This article deals with dreams as a major mode of communication and of therapeutic change in a group. We suggest the main factors in enabling a positive therapeutic outcome were the use of the group `cultural container' as an external world transitional `play space' in which group participants' inner dream space/container experiences and personal symbolism were expressed and `toyed' with in the telling of dreams. We speculate as to whether and to what extent tensions between cotherapists might have promoted dream work in the group. Issues between the cotherapists affected the group process and we recommend outside supervision in cotherapy groups.
Altman, L.L
(1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press.
2.
Anzieu, D.
(1984) The Group and the Unconscious. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
3.
Anzieu, D.
(1989) `The Film of the Dream', transl. C. Turner, in The Skin Ego: A Psychoanalytic Approach to the Self, pp. 210-223. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
4.
Battegay, R.
(1977) `The Group Dream', in L.R. Wolberg (ed.) Group Therapy 1977: An Overview. New York: Stratten Intercontinental Medical Books.
5.
Bion, W.R.
(1955) `Group Dynamics: A Re-view', in New Directions in Psycho-Analysis, p. 157. London: Tavistock.
6.
Bion, W.R.
(1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
7.
Bion, W.R.
(1992) `The Dream', in Cogitations, pp. 40-47. New York and London: Karnac. (Orig. 1959.)
8.
Chomsky, N.
(1980) Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press.
9.
Crick, F.
and Mitchison, G. (1983) `The Function of Dream Sleep', Nature304: -111-114.
10.
Foss, T.
(1994) `From Phobic Inhibitions to Dreams', GroupAnalysis27(3): 305-317.
11.
Foulkes, S.H.
(1964) Therapeutic Group Analysis. London: George Allen and Unwin.
12.
Foulkes, D.
(1985)A Grammar of Dreams. New York: Basic Books.
13.
Foulkes, S.H.
(1975) Group-analytic Psychotherapy: Method and Principle. London: Gordon and Breach. Reprinted London: Karnac, 1986.
14.
Foulkes, S.H.
and Anthony, E.J. (1957) Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Reprinted London: Karnac, 1984.
15.
Freud, S.
(1900-3) The Analysis of Dreams, in Standard Edition Vols 2-3. London: Hogarth.
16.
Freud, S.
(1915-16)`Dreams: Symbolism in Dreams and the Dream Work'Standard Edition Vol. 15: 149-183. London: Hogarth.
17.
Globus, G.
(1987) Dream Life, Wake Life: The Human Condition Through Dreams. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
18.
Gold, V.
(1973) `Dreams in Group Therapy: A Review of the Literature', International Journal of Group Psychotherapy23: 394-407.
19.
Gosling, R.H.
(1979) `Another Source of Conservatism in Groups', in W.G. Lawrence (ed.) Exploring Individual and Organizational Boundaries: A Tavistock Open Systems Approach, pp. 77-86. Chichester: John Wiley.
20.
Greenson, R.
(1970) `The Exceptional Position of the Dream in Psychoanalytic Practice', Psychoanalytical Quarterly39: 519-549.
21.
Hahn, H.
(1994) `Dreaming to Learn: Pathways to Rediscovery', Group Analysis27(3): 319-328.
22.
Hobson, J.A.
and McCarley, R.W. (1977) `The Brain as a Dream State Generator: An Activation-system Hypothesis of the Dream Process', American Journal of Psychiatry134: 1335-1348.
23.
Houzel, D.
(1990) `The concept of psychic envelope', in Anzieu, D., Houzel, D., -Missenard, A., Enriquez, M., Anzieu, A., Guillaumine, J., Doron, J., Lecourt, E., Nathan, T. Translated by Briggs, D. Psychic Envelopes, pp. 27-58. London: Karnac.
24.
Ikeda, Y.
(1986) `Problems of Co-therapists in Group Psychotherapy Reviewed through Dream Interpretation', Journal of Mental Health16: 29-36.
25.
Issroff, J.
(1979) `A Transformation from Existing to Living: The Narrative of a Seven-year Analysis', Bulletin of the British Psycho-Analytic Society6 (June): 1-21.
26.
Issroff, J.
(1986) `An Evaluation of the Implications of Donald W. Winnicott's Contribution in Understanding and Working with Groups', Paper presented to Israeli Association for Group Analysis, Ramat Hen, 1986 and Jerusalem, 1994.
27.
Issroff, J.
(1991) `The Centrality of Dreams in Health and the Implications for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapies', Lecture presented to Jerusalem Journal Club.
28.
Issroff, J.
(1993) "'Potential Space" and "Holding": Winnicott's Approach to Psychoanalytic Intervention', Paper delivered to Institute for Psychotherapy, Oslo, Norway.
29.
Jung, C.G.
(1964) Man and His Symbols. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co.
Karterud, S.
(1992) `Group Dreams Revisted', Group Analysis25(2): 207-223.
32.
Khan, M.M.R.
(1974) `Dream Psychology and the Evolution of the Psychoanalytic Situation', in The Privacy of The Self, pp. 27-41. London: Hogarth Press.
33.
Khan, M.M.R.
(1983) `Beyond the Dreaming Experience', in Hidden Selves: Between Theory and Practice in Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press.
34.
Klein-Lifshuts, E.
(1953) `A Comparison of Dreams in Individual and Group Psychotherapy', International Journal of Group Therapy3: 139-143.
35.
Lawrence, W.G.
(1991) `Won from the Void and Formless Infinite: Experiences of Social Dreaming', Free Associations2(2): 259-294.
36.
Mead, M.
(1941) `Community Drama-Bali and America',American Scholar11: 78.
37.
Missenard, A.
(1990) `The dream envelope and the phantasy of a "common psyche" `, in Anzieu, D., Houzel, D., Missenard, A., Enriquez, M., Anzieu, A. Guijaumine, J., Doron, J., Lecourt, E., Nathan, T. Translated by Briggs, D. Psychic Envelopes, pp. 59-94. London: Karnac.
38.
Pines, M.
(1982) `Reflections on Mirroring', Group Analysis15(2): supp. 1-22.
39.
Pontalis, J.B.
(1974) `Dream as an Object', International Review of Psycho-Analysis1-2: 125-134.
40.
Pontalis, J.B.
(1981) Frontiers in Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth.
41.
Rycroft, C.
(1979) The Innocence of Dreams. London: Hogarth.
42.
Sharpe, M.
(1991) `Reflections on a Workshop: Working with Dreams', Bulletin of the Group Analytic Society31 (Oct.): 24-25.
43.
Whitman, M.R.
(1971) `Dreams about the Group', Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association19: 409-420.
44.
Winnicott, D.W.
(1954) `Play in the Analytic Situation', in Psychoanalytic Explorations (1989), pp. 28-29. London: Karnac and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
45.
Reprinted in Psychoanalytic Explorations (1989), pp. 200-202. London: Karnac and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
46.
Winnicott, D.W.
(1971a) Therapeutic Consultations in Child Psychiatry. London: Hogarth.
47.
Winnicott, D.W.
(1971b) Playing and Reality. London: Tavistock.
48.
Winnicott, D.W.
(1989) `On "The Use of an Object": IV. The Use of the Word "Use" `, in C.S. Winnicott, M.E.V. Davis and R. Shepherd (eds) Psychoanalytic Explorations, pp. 233-234. London: Karnac.
49.
Yalom, I.D.
(1975) `The Therapist, Transference and Transparency', The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
