This article focuses on the issue of systemic illiquidity as a key component in the financial crises of the late 1990s. The article critically revisits Minsky's financial fragility hypothesis, advancing his insights into the analysis of crises in East Asia, Russia, and the United States in the late 1990s. Three key factors of these crises are identified and explored: financial liberalization, progressive illiquidity, and the debt burdens incurred during the periods of investor euphoria.
Arestis, P.2001. Recent banking and financial crises: Minsky vs. the financial liberalisationists. In Financial Keynesianism and market instability. The economic legacy of Hyman Minsky, Vol. 1, ed. R. Bellofiore and P. Ferris. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
2.
Arestis, P., and M. Glickman. 2002. Financial crisis in Southeast Asia: Dispelling illusion the Minskyan way. Cambridge Journal of Economics26: 237–260.
3.
Bank for International Settlements. 2000/2001. 71st Annual report, 1 April 2000–31 March 2001. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.
4.
Bank for International Settlements. 2003. Quarterly review, December. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.
5.
Bank for International Settlements. 2005. Derivatives statistics. Basel: Bank for International Settlements.
6.
Bello, W., K. Malhotra, N. Bullard, and M. Mezzera. 2000. Notes on the ascendancy and regulation of speculative capital. In Global finance. New thinking on regulating speculative capital markets, ed. W. Bello, N. Bullard, and K. Malhotra. London and New York: Zed Books.
7.
Bellofiore, R., and P. Ferris. 2001. Financial Keynesianism and market instability. The economic legacy of Hyman Minsky, Vol 1. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
8.
Ben-Ami, D.2001. Cowardly capitalism. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
9.
Bezemer, D.2001. Post-socialist financial fragility: The case of Albania. Cambridge Journal of Economics25: 1–23.
10.
Bird, G., and A. Milne. 1999. Miracle to meltdown: A pathology of the East Asian financial crisis. Third World Quarterly20(2): 421–437.
11.
Bird, G., and R. Rajan. 2002. Regional arrangements for providing liquidity in a financial crisis: Developments in East Asia. The Pacific Review15(3): 359–379.
12.
Bisigano, J.1999. Precarious credit equilibria: Reflections on the AFC. BIS Working Paper no. 64. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.
13.
Bookstaber, R.2000. Understating and monitoring the liquidity crisis cycle. Financial Analysts Journal, September/October.
14.
Borio, C.2000. Market liquidity and stress: Selected issues and policy implications. BIS Quarterly Review, November. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.
15.
Borio, C.2004. Market distress and vanishing liquidity: Anatomy and policy options. BIS Working Paper no. 158, July. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.
16.
Borio, C., and P. Lowe. 2002. Asset prices. Financial and monetary stability: Exploring the nexus. BIS Working Paper no. 114, July. Basel, Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements.
17.
Buchs, T.1999. Financial crisis in the Russian Federation. Economics of Transition7(3): 687–715.
18.
Chang, R., and A. Velasco. 1998. The Asian liquidity crisis. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Working Paper 98–11, July.
19.
Chang, R., and A. Velasco. 1999. Liquidity crises in emerging markets: Theory and policy. NBER Working Paper No. 7272, July.
20.
Chapman, S., and M. Mulino. 2001. Explaining Russia's currency and financial crisis. MOST11: 1–26.
21.
Commander, S., and C. Mummsen. 2000. The growth of non-monetary transactions in Russia: Causes and effects. In The vanishing rouble, ed. P. Seabright. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22.
Crockett, A.2000. In search of anchors for financial and monetary stability. BIS speeches, April 27.
23.
Crotty, J., and G. Dymski. 2001. Can the global neo-liberal regime survive victory in Asia? In Money, finance and capitalist development, ed. P. Arestis and M. Sawyer. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
24.
Davidson, P.1992. International money and the real world. Basingstoke and London: Macmillan.
25.
Detragiache, E.1996. Rational liquidity crises in sovereign debt market: In search of a theory. IMF Staff Papers43: 3-3.
26.
Dodd, N.1994. The sociology of money. Economics, reason and contemporary society. Oxford and Cambridge: Polity/Blackwell.
27.
Dunbar, N.2000. Inventing money. The story of LTCM and the legends behind it. Chichester and New York: John Wiley and Sons.
28.
Dymski, G.2003. The international debt crisis. In The handbook of globalisation, ed. J. Michie. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
29.
Eatwell, J., and L. Taylor. 2000. Global finance at risk. Oxford: Polity Press.
30.
Ershov, M.2000. Valytno-finansovye Mekhanismy v sovremennom mire. Moscow: Ekonomika.
31.
Federal Council. 1999. Zaklychenie vremennoi komissii Soveta Federacii po rassledovaniy prichin, obstojatelstv I posedstvii prinjatija reshenii pravitelstva Rossii I centralnogo banka Rossiiskoi Federacii to 17 avgusta 1998 goda. Sovet Federacii Rossii, Moscow, 25 February.
32.
Fifield, A.2004. The economy: Time to write off some debt?Financial Times, December 1.
33.
FitchRating. 2004. CDS market liquidity: Show me the money. Corporate Finance, November 15. Available online at http://www.fitchratings.com.
34.
Fratianni, M., and J. Pattison. 2002. International standards, crisis management and lenders of last resort in the international financial architecture. In Governing global finance, new challenges, G7 and IMF contributions, ed. M. Fratianni, P. Savona, and J. Kirton. Aldershot: Ashgate.
35.
Glaziev, S.2000. Vozmozhen li v Rossii novyi finansovyi krisis?Vopsosy Ekonomiki, March.
36.
Godement, F.1999. The downsizing of Asia. London and New York: Routledge.
37.
Goldfrain, I., and R. Valdes. 1997. Capital flows and the twin crises: The role of liquidity. Working Paper 97–87, July, International Monetary Fund.
38.
Grabel, I.2000. The Asian financial crisis. What went wrong? In Political economy and contemporary capitalism. Radical perspectives on economic theory and policy, ed. R. Baiman, H. Boushey, and D. Saunders. Armonk and London: M. E. Sharpe.
39.
Griesgraber, J. M., and B. Gunter. 1996. The world's monetary system. London: Pluto.
40.
Henderson, J.1999. Uneven crises: Institutional foundations of East Asian economic turmoil. Economy and Society28(3): 327–368.
41.
Horne, J., and D. Nahm. 2000. International reserves and liquidity: A reassessment. Department of Economics, Macquarie University. Available online at http://www.econ.mq.edu.au/research/2000/5-2000.pdf.
42.
Hughes, D.2003. Flexible and efficient investments or weapons of mass destruction?The Business6/7, Summer: 23-23.
43.
IMF. 1998a. World economic outlook. Washington, DC: IMF.
44.
IMF. 1998b. International capital markets. Washington, DC: IMF.
IMF. 2002b. Eye of the storm. Finance and Development39(4).
47.
IMF. 2004. Global financial stability report. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
48.
IMF. 2005. World economic outlook. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
49.
Kaufman, H.1998. The new financial world. Policy shortcomings and remedies. In Beyond shocks: What causes business cycles, ed. J. Fuhrer and S. Shuh. Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
50.
Keynes, J. M.1936. The general theory of employment, interest and money. London: Macmillan.
51.
Kindleberger, C.1993. A financial history of Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52.
Kindleberger, C.1986. Keynesianism vs. monetarism and other essays in financial theory. London: George Allen.
53.
Kindleberger, C.1996. Maniacs, panics and crashes. London: Macmillan.
54.
King, M.2001. Who triggered the Asian financial crisis?Review of International Political Economy8(3): 438–466.
55.
Kiuchi, T.2002. Japan, Asia and the rebuilding of the financial sector. In Governing global finance, ed. M. Fratianni, et al. Aldershot: Ashgate.
56.
Kregel, J.2001. Yes, “it” did happen again—the Minsky crisis in Asia. In Financial Keynesianism and market instability. The economic legacy of Hyman Minsky, Vol. 1, ed. R. Bellofiore and P. Ferris. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
57.
Kregel, J.1998. Derivatives and global capital flows: Applications to Asia. Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Working Paper no. 246.
58.
Kregel, J.1998. Yes, “it” did happen again—a Minsky crisis happened in Asia. Working Paper no. 234, Jerome Levy Economics Institute, April.
59.
Krueger, A.2003. The IMF's view on the restructuring of sovereign debt. Financial Stability Review(3), November, Banque de France.
60.
Laing, J.2003. The debt bomb. Barron’s, January 20, Dow Jones & Company.
61.
Liew, L.1998. Political economy analysis of the Asian financial crisis. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy3(3): 301–330.
62.
Mehrling, P.2001. Minsky, modern finance and the case of LTCM. In Financial Keynesianism and market instability. The economic legacy of Hyman Minsky, Vol. 1, ed. R. Bellofiore and P. Ferris. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Minsky, H.1977. A theory of systemic fragility. In Financial crises: Institutions and markets in a fragile environment, ed. E. Altman and A. Sametz. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
65.
Minsky, H.1982. Can “it” happen again?New York: M.E. Sharpe.
66.
Minsky, H.1986. Stabilizing an unstable economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
67.
Minsky, H.1991. Financial crises: Systemic or idiosyncratic. Working Paper no. 51, Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Bard College, April.
68.
Minsky, H.1993. Finance and stability: The limits of capitalism. Working Paper no. 93, Jerome Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.
69.
Monthly Review. 2002. The new face of capitalism: Slow growth, excess capital and a mountain of debt. Editorial. Monthly Review53(11), April.
70.
Nesvetailova, A.2004. Coping in the global financial system: The political economy of nonpayment in Russia. Review of International Political Economy11(5).
71.
Nissanke, M., and H. Stein. 2002. Financial globalisation and economic development: Toward an institutional foundation. Paper presented for the 2002 meeting of the EEA, Boston, MA, March. Available online at http://cei.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/activities/seminars/papers/Stein.pdf.
72.
Noland, D.2001. The liquidity showdown. Available online at http://www.prudentbear.com, June 29.
73.
Pass, C., B. Lowes, L. Davis, and S. Kronish. 1991. The HarperCollins dictionary of economics. New York: HarperCollins.
74.
Perotti, E.2001. Lessons from the Russian meltdown: The economics of soft legal constraints. Working Paper no. 379, University of Amsterdam.
75.
Persaud, A.2002. Liquidity black holes. Discussion Paper no. 2002/31, WIDER Institute, UN University.
76.
Pettis, M.1996. The liquidity trap. Foreign Affairs, November/December.
77.
Pettis, M.2001. The volatility machine. Emerging economies and the threat of financial collapse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
78.
Pixley, J.1999. Beyond twin deficits: Emotions of the future in the organisation of money. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, October.
79.
Popov, V.2001. Currency crisis in Russia in a wider context. In Capital flows without crisis? Reconciling capital mobility and economic stability, ed. D. Dasgupta, M. Uzan, and D. Wilson. London: Routledge.
80.
Prakash, A.2001. The East Asian crisis and the globalisation discourse. Review of International Political Economy8(1): 119–146.
81.
Puplava, J.2002. Was that really a recession?Storm Watch: The Last Wave, April 12. Available online at http://www.usagold.com/gildedopinion/puplava/20020412.html.
82.
Radelet, S., and J. Sachs. 1998. The onset of the East Asian financial crisis. NBER Working Paper no. 6680, August.
83.
Rima, I.2002. Venture capitalist financing: Contemporary foundations for Minsky's “Wall Street” perspective. Journal of Economic Issues36(2), June: 407–414.
84.
Saber, N.1999. Speculative capital. The invisible hand of global finance. London and Edinburgh: Pearson Education.
85.
Salvatore, D.2002. Problems and reforms of the international monetary system. In Governing global finance, new challenges, G7 and IMF contributions, ed. M. Fratianni, P. Savona, and J. Kirton. Aldershot: Ashgate.
86.
Savona, P.2002. On some unresolved problems of monetary theory and policy. In Governing global finance, new challenges, G7 and IMF contributions, ed. M. Fratianni, P. Savona, and J. Kirton. Aldershot: Ashgate.
87.
Scholes, M.2000. The near crash of 1998. Crisis and risk management. AEA Papers and Proceedings90(2).
Sheng, A.2003. Asia and the crisis of money. Fernand Braudel Institute of Economics, Paper no. 19.
90.
Shiller, R.2000. Irrational exuberance. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
91.
Shmelev, N.1998. Krizis vnytri krizisa [Crisis within the crisis]. Voprosy Ekonomiki(10).
92.
Singh, K.2000. Taming global financial flows. A citizen's guide. London and New York: Zed Books.
93.
Soederberg, S. 2004. The transnational debt architecture and emerging markets: The politics of discipline and punish. Paper to the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, March 17–20, Montreal, Quebec.
94.
Stiglitz, J., and A. Bhattacharya. 1999. Underpinnings for a stable and equitable global financial system. Paper prepared for the Eleventh Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, April 28–30.
95.
Stiglitz, J., and B. Greenwald. 2003. Towards a new paradigm in monetary economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96.
Tabb, W.1998. The East Asian financial crisis. Monthly Review50(2).
97.
Tasker, P.2002. Japan's revolution. The World in 2003. London: The Economist.
98.
Taylor, L.1998. Capital market crises: Liberalisation, fixed exchange rates and market-driven destabilisation. Cambridge Journal of Economics22: 663–676.
99.
Toporowski, J.1993. The economics of financial markets and the 1987 crash. Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
100.
Toporowski, J.1999. Monetary policy in an era of capital market inflation. Working Paper no. 279, Jerome Levy Economics Institute, August.
101.
Toporowski, J.2000. The end of finance. The theory of capital market inflation, financial derivatives and pension fund capitalism. London and New York: Routledge.
102.
Toporowski, J.2001. Financial derivates, liquidity preference, competition and financial inflation. In Money, finance and capitalist development, ed. P. Arestis and M. Sawyer. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
103.
van Wincoop, E., and K. Yi. 2000. Asian crisis post-mortem: Where did the money go and did the US benefit?Economic Policy Review, September. New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
104.
Velasco, A.1999. Financial crises in emerging markets. NBER Research Papers. Available online at http://www.nber.org/reporter/fall99/velasco.html.
105.
Visano, B.2002. Financial manias and panics: Asocioeconomic perspective. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, October.
106.
Wade, R.1998. From “miracle” to “cronyism”: Explaining the great Asian slump. Cambridge Journal of Economics22: 693–706.
107.
Wade, R., and F. Veneroso. 1998. The gathering world slump and the battle over capital controls. New Left Review228.
108.
Wall Street Journal. 1998. Asia's credit crunch is sending it back to the age of barter. Wall Street Journal, April 6.
109.
Warburton, P.2000. Debt and delusion. Penguin Books.
110.
Ward, A.2003. Economy: The end of a dream—or a cause for thought?Financial Times,November 17.
111.
Wigan, D.2005. Risk and the political economy of financial precision. Working Paper, Central for Global Political Economy, University of Sussex.
112.
Wolfson, M.1994. Financial crises. Understanding the postwar US experience. New York and London: M. E. Sharpe.
113.
Wolfson, M.2000. Neo-liberalism and the international financial instability. Review of Radical Political Economics32(3): 369–378.
114.
Wolfson, M.2002. Minsky's theory of financial crises in a global context. Journal of Economic Issues, June: 393–400.
115.
Woodward, D.2001. The next crisis? Direct and equity investment in developing countries. London and New York: Zed Books.
116.
World Bank. 1998/99. Global economic prospects and developing countries: Beyond financial crisis. Washington, DC: World Bank.