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Abstract

Introduction: During COVID-19 pandemic, the massive use of Personal Protective Equipment could provoke severe adverse reactions in latex allergy patients and could negatively affect their quality of life. Methods: Trough a survey the study aimed: (a) to evaluate the incidence of allergic reactions in patients with latex allergy during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; (b) to evaluate the protective role of continuous latex sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) during this period; and (c) to evaluate quality of life of natural rubber latex allergy (NRLA) patients during the pandemic. Results: 67 patients (9 males and 58 females, mean age of 45.9 ± 11.4 years) suffering from latex allergy were included in the present study. We recorded among our patients 13 cases (34.2%) of urticarial/angioedema (U/A), 9 cases (23.6%) of respiratory symptoms (dyspnoea, shortness of breath and wheezing) and 7 cases (18.4%) of anaphylaxis. In patients who underwent continuous SLIT, we observed less cases of U/A (p < 0.001), respiratory symptoms (p < 0.001), anaphylaxis (p = 0.003), hospitalizations (p = 0.014) and a lower therapy administration. We compared the results of SF-36 questionnaire in patients who underwent continuous and not-continuous SLIT with a significance differences score between these two groups. Conclusions: Our study is the first that investigated the clinical and quality of life effects of COVID-19 pandemic in NRLA patients.

Keywords

Latex allergy immunotherapy COVID-19

Introduction

The COVID-19 (the acronym of COronaVIrus Disease 19), or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, a new member of the human coronaviruses identified for the first time in Wuhan, China.¹

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been encouraged in using PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) as masks, eyewear, visors and gloves to protect themselves.

In patients suffering from latex allergy, this massive use of PPE, especially latex gloves, could provoke severe adverse reactions and could negatively affect their quality of life.

Latex hypersensitivity has been increasingly reported worldwide, with a prevalence of 9.7%–12.4% among healthcare workers (HCWs), 7.2%–30.4% among susceptible patients and 4.3%–2.1% in general population.² Occupation represents a possible risk factor for natural rubber latex allergy (NRLA); healthcare workers, rubber industry workers, hairdressers and housekeepers are mostly exposed to these sensitisations. Other risk factors include atopic history, exposure to latex-derived products during surgery and sensitizations through skin contact or inhalation.^3–6

The clinical manifestations of NRLA include contact dermatitis, urticaria-angioedema, respiratory symptoms and can lead to anaphylactic reactions.⁷

The diagnosis of NRL allergy is based on a positive allergological work-up, including allergological tests (skin prick test and specific serum IgE assay-ImmunoCAP System) and provocation challenges (glove-wearing, mucous-oral, nasal, conjunctival and sublingual provocation test) to confirm clinical latex allergy. Sublingual latex immunotherapy provides a 4 days rush protocol, starting with a drop of latex solution (500 μg/ml) diluted 1:1018 until the highest dose of 1 mL of undiluted solution (500 μg of latex), then a maintenance therapy (500 μg of undiluted solution three times a week) is recommended, without discontinuations.⁸

Primary prevention remains essential to reduce the risk of reactions in NRLA patients, and it is obtained by avoiding the airborne and contact exposure to natural rubber latex (NRL).⁹ During the COVID-19 pandemic primary prevention is very difficult to reach considering NRL is ubiquitous and widely used. Hence, the protection conferred by latex SLIT could be essential for these patients.

Objective

The aim of our study is: (a) to evaluate the incidence of latex allergic reactions in patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; (b) to evaluate the protective role of continuous latex SLIT during this period; and (c) to evaluate quality of life of NRLA patients during the pandemic.

Material and methods

The single-centre observational study was carried out on 67 adult subjects with a latex allergy diagnosis followed by Allergy Unit of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS of Rome. All data were collected from January 2020 to December 2020.

All patients underwent to a survey focused on their clinical and psychological conditions during COVID-19 pandemic. We analysed the results dividing populations in: never treated with SLIT, treated with continuous SLTI and treated with not-continuous SLIT (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Diagram of overall cohort.

For the evaluation of the degree of well-being, we used SF-36 questionnaire (Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey), a validated questionnaire for health perception measurement.¹⁰

The Ethical Committee of our Institute evaluated and approved this study (ID: 3255).

Subjects included in the present study accepted and signed the informed consent, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Sample size

For the calculation of the sample size we considered: 1) a population size of 287 latex allergic patients, 2) a margin of error of 10%, 3) a chosen sampling confidence level of 90% and 4) a response rate of 50%; a sample size of 56 subjects was estimated.

Statistical analysis

The sample has been described in its demographic and clinical characteristics applying descriptive statistics techniques. Qualitative variables have been presented as absolute frequencies and percentages. Quantitative variables have been summarized with mean and standard deviations. The normality of data have been verified with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Proportions were compared applying the Chi-square test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the statistical analyses have been performed with SPSS 25.

Results

Incidence of latex adverse reactions

Sixty-seven patients (9 males and 58 females, with a mean age of 45.9 ± 11.4 years) suffering from latex allergy were included in the present study.

Our population had a high latex contact risk; 55 patients (82.1%) were healthcare workers (52.2%), hairdressers (17.9%) and housekeepers (11.9%).

The main demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical features of patients.

Features	Values
Female, n (%)	58 (86.6)
Age (years)	45.87 ± 11.44
BMI (kg/m²)	24.7 ± 5.7
Current smoking, n (%)	7 (10.5)
History of smoking, n (%)	3 (4.5)
Risk category	55 (82)
Health workers	35 (52.2)
Hairdressers	12 (17.9)
Housekeepers	8 (11.9)
Latex immunotherapy (>12 months)	63 (94.0)
Continuous SLIT	47 (70.1)
Nontinuous SLIT	16 (23.9)
Symptoms after latex contact	29 (43.3)
U/A	13 (19.4)
RS	9 (13.4)
Anaphylaxis	7 (10.4)
Symptomatic therapy	45 (67.2)
Oral anti-H1	27 (40.3)
CCS	13 (19.4)
Epinephrine	5 (7.5)

Data are presented as mean ± SD or %, as indicated. BMI = body mass index; CCS = corticosteroids, anti-H1 = antihistamines, U/A = urticaria-angioedema, RS = respiratory symptoms. All percentages are referred to total of patients

During COVID-19 pandemic, we recorded among our patients 13 cases (34.2%) of urticaria/angioedema (U/A), 9 cases (23.6%) of respiratory symptoms (dyspnoea, shortness of breath and wheezing) and 7 cases (18.4%) of anaphylaxis.

27 patients (40.3%) used antihistamine, 13 patients (19.4%) systemic corticosteroids (CCS) therapy and 5 patients (7.5%) epinephrine auto-injectors, while 2 patient (3%) have been treated in an intensive care Unit. 13 patients used antihistamines or CCS without symptoms.

Role of continuous latex sublingual immunotherapy

Sixty three patients (94%) previously underwent latex SLIT for more than 12 months and, among these patients, 47 subjects (70.1%) regularly followed the SLIT without discontinuations for more than 12 months.

Patients with a higher risk of latex contact had more adherence to SLIT (p = 0.017) and did not show a significant increase rate of latex allergic reactions (U/A p = 0.79; respiratory symptoms p = 0.19; anaphylaxis p = 0.43).

In patients who underwent continuous SLIT, we observed less cases of U/A (p < 0.001), RS (p < 0.001), anaphylaxis (p = 0.003), hospitalizations (p = 0.014) and a lower therapy administration (Table 2).

Table 2.

Continuous latex immunotherapy effectiveness.

	C-SLIT (n = 47; 74.6%)	NC-SLIT (N = 16; 25.4%)	p-value
Urticaria/angioedema	3 (6.4%)	7 (43.8%)	<0.001
Respiratory symptoms	1 (2.1%)	7 (43.8%)	<0.001
Anaphylaxis	1 (2.1%)	4 (25.0%)	0.003
Oral anti-H	13 (27.7%)	11 (68.8%)	0.003
Oral CCS	3 (6.4%)	8 (50.0%)	<0.001
Epinephrine	1 (2.1%)	4 (25.0%)	0.003
Hospitalizations	0 (0.0%)	2 (12.5%)	0.014

Natural rubber latex allergy patients quality of life in continuous/not continuous sublingual immunotherapy

We compared the results of SF-36 questionnaire in patients who underwent continuous latex SLIT (C-SLIT) and not continuous latex SLIT (NC-SLIT) (Table 3). Table 3 shows means and standard deviation of eight fields of questionnaire. In addition, we compared the general health status of patients with that of the year before the pandemic (Health change item) assessing change reported in perceived health over the last year. Subscale scores range from 0 to 100, where higher scores represent better health status. We observed a mean value of 48.44 ± 35.9 in NC-SLIT patient vs 56.91 ± 19.3 in C-SLIT patients (p = 0.005).

Table 3.

Results of the SF-36 questionnaire in C-SLIT and NC-SLIT.

Features	Range	NC-SLIT		C-SLIT		p-value
Features	Range	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	p-value
Physical functioning (PF)	0–100	69.69	33.19	84.15	24.39	0.037
Role physical (RP)	0–100	68.75	42.33	76.6	35.51	0.652
Bodily pain (BP)	0–100	63.44	39.08	76.86	24.09	0.022
General health (GH)	0–100	56.56	30.97	63.4	16.65	0.284
Vitality or energy level (VT)	0–100	46.56	27.85	61.38	19.19	0.007
Social functioning (SF)	0–100	55.47	32.26	74.2	22.33	0.045
Role emotional (RE)	0–100	68.76	42.98	80.85	32.41	0.232
Mental health (MH)	0–100	53	28.9	68.17	18.82	0.153
Health change (HC)	0–100	48.44	35.9	56.91	19.3	0.005

QoL: Quality of life; C-SLIT: Continuous SLIT; NC-SLIT: Non continuous SLIT; SF-36: Short-form 36-item health survey. p-value was calculated using Pearson Chi-square.

Discussion

Previous studies focused on risk of latex and contacts dermatitis in HCWs,^11,12 but, to our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the clinical status and quality of life of NRLA patients during COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the Lockdown measures have worsened the quality of life of our patients as well as of general population.¹³

The pandemic challenged the capacity of healthcare systems to provide adequate management of NRLA patients,¹⁴ and in this context, we performed a survey to monitor their health status.

During the pandemic, the risk of latex exposure has had a significant increase considering the possibility of direct skin contact, airborne exposure, contamination of food and medical evaluations.

We recorded a higher use of antihistamines therapy in relation to the adverse reactions rate; this finding was probably due to fear of NRLA patients in front of a wide spread of latex NRL items.

As already has been demonstrated,^15,16 also in our populations the continuous SLIT proved effective in preventing latex severe reactions and farther in increasing the quality of life of patients.

Our paper presents several limitations. First all, data collected are self-reported by the patients without any medical records evaluation. Moreover, a largest number of patients should need to establish the exact impact of immunotherapy in the prevention of adverse reactions.

Conclusion

Our study is the first that investigated the clinical and quality of life effects of COVID-19 pandemia in NRLA patients demonstrating the importance of SLIT adherence also in this complex period. Further studies are needed to investigate the protective role of immunotherapy also in the complex pandemic period.

Footnotes

Author contributions

The authors are responsible for the content and the writing of this paper.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Arianna Aruanno

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Clinical and quality of life assessment in patients with latex allergy during COVID-19 pandemic: Possible protective role of continuous latex immunotherapy

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Objective

Material and methods

Sample size

Statistical analysis

Results

Incidence of latex adverse reactions

Role of continuous latex sublingual immunotherapy

Natural rubber latex allergy patients quality of life in continuous/not continuous sublingual immunotherapy

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Author contributions

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

ORCID iD

References